home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
| Unknown | 1988-01-01 | 14.5 KB |
view JSON data
|
view as text
|
open on a Mac
|
open on a PC
This file was not able to be converted.
This format is not currently supported by dexvert.
| Confidence | Program | Detection | Match Type | Support
|
|---|
| 100%
| file
| data
| default
|
|
hex view+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| 00 10 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 d0 52 4f 47 |.... | .ROG|
|00000010| 52 41 4d 4d 49 4e 47 20 | 57 49 54 48 20 cd cc 0d |RAMMING |WITH ...|
|00000020| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 d6 4f 4c 55 4d |. | .OLUM|
|00000030| 45 20 31 20 ce 4f 2e 20 | 31 30 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 20 |E 1 .O. |10..... |
|00000040| 20 20 28 43 29 31 39 38 | 37 20 42 59 20 d2 4f 42 | (C)198|7 BY .OB|
|00000050| 45 52 54 20 d2 4f 43 4b | 45 46 45 4c 4c 45 52 0d |ERT .OCK|EFELLER.|
|00000060| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 41 4e 44 20 d5 50 d4 49 | |AND .P.I|
|00000070| 4d 45 20 cd 41 47 41 5a | 49 4e 45 0d 20 20 20 20 |ME .AGAZ|INE. |
|00000080| 20 20 20 20 c1 4c 4c 20 | d2 49 47 48 54 53 20 d2 | .LL |.IGHTS .|
|00000090| 45 53 45 52 56 45 44 0d | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ESERVED.|. |
|000000a0| 20 20 20 20 d0 55 42 4c | 49 53 48 45 44 20 42 59 | .UBL|ISHED BY|
|000000b0| 0d 20 20 20 20 d3 4f 46 | 54 44 49 53 4b 20 d0 55 |. .OF|TDISK .U|
|000000c0| 42 4c 49 53 48 49 4e 47 | 2c 20 c9 4e 43 2e 00 20 |BLISHING|, .NC.. |
|000000d0| 20 20 d4 48 49 53 20 4d | 4f 4e 54 48 20 57 45 20 | .HIS M|ONTH WE |
|000000e0| 57 49 4c 4c 20 42 45 47 | 49 4e 20 55 53 49 4e 47 |WILL BEG|IN USING|
|000000f0| 20 4f 55 52 20 4b 4e 4f | 57 4c 45 44 47 45 20 4f | OUR KNO|WLEDGE O|
|00000100| 46 20 cd cc 20 49 4e 53 | 54 52 55 43 54 49 4f 4e |F .. INS|TRUCTION|
|00000110| 53 20 54 4f 20 43 52 45 | 41 54 45 20 53 49 4d 50 |S TO CRE|ATE SIMP|
|00000120| 4c 45 20 52 4f 55 54 49 | 4e 45 53 20 52 45 51 55 |LE ROUTI|NES REQU|
|00000130| 49 52 45 44 20 42 59 20 | 41 4c 4d 4f 53 54 20 45 |IRED BY |ALMOST E|
|00000140| 56 45 52 59 20 cd cc 20 | 50 52 4f 47 52 41 4d 2e |VERY .. |PROGRAM.|
|00000150| 20 20 c8 4f 57 45 56 45 | 52 2c 20 57 45 20 46 49 | .OWEVE|R, WE FI|
|00000160| 52 53 54 20 4e 45 45 44 | 20 54 4f 20 43 4f 56 45 |RST NEED| TO COVE|
|00000170| 52 20 53 4f 4d 45 20 42 | 41 53 49 43 20 41 53 53 |R SOME B|ASIC ASS|
|00000180| 45 4d 42 4c 45 52 20 46 | 45 41 54 55 52 45 53 2e |EMBLER F|EATURES.|
|00000190| 20 20 c9 4e 20 54 48 49 | 53 20 43 4f 4c 55 4d 4e | .N THI|S COLUMN|
|000001a0| 2c 20 57 45 20 57 49 4c | 4c 20 42 45 20 52 45 46 |, WE WIL|L BE REF|
|000001b0| 45 52 45 4e 43 49 4e 47 | 20 54 48 45 20 cd c1 c5 |ERENCING| THE ...|
|000001c0| 20 41 53 53 45 4d 42 4c | 45 52 2e 20 20 d3 49 4e | ASSEMBL|ER. .IN|
|000001d0| 43 45 20 53 4f 4d 45 20 | 4f 46 20 59 4f 55 20 4d |CE SOME |OF YOU M|
|000001e0| 41 59 20 4e 4f 54 20 42 | 45 20 46 41 4d 49 4c 49 |AY NOT B|E FAMILI|
|000001f0| 41 52 20 57 49 54 48 20 | cd c1 c5 2c 20 57 45 20 |AR WITH |..., WE |
|00000200| 57 49 4c 4c 20 42 45 20 | 44 4f 49 4e 47 20 43 4f |WILL BE |DOING CO|
|00000210| 4d 50 41 52 49 53 4f 4e | 53 20 42 45 54 57 45 45 |MPARISON|S BETWEE|
|00000220| 4e 20 54 48 45 20 57 41 | 59 20 cd c1 c5 20 50 45 |N THE WA|Y ... PE|
|00000230| 52 46 4f 52 4d 53 20 43 | 45 52 54 41 49 4e 20 54 |RFORMS C|ERTAIN T|
|00000240| 41 53 4b 53 20 41 4e 44 | 20 54 48 45 20 57 41 59 |ASKS AND| THE WAY|
|00000250| 20 cd c5 d2 cc c9 ce 20 | 41 4e 44 20 c3 4f 4d 4d | ...... |AND .OMM|
|00000260| 4f 44 4f 52 45 27 53 20 | 41 53 53 45 4d 42 4c 45 |ODORE'S |ASSEMBLE|
|00000270| 52 20 44 4f 20 54 48 45 | 4d 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 d3 |R DO THE|M... .|
|00000280| 4f 20 54 4f 20 53 54 41 | 52 54 2c 20 4c 45 54 20 |O TO STA|RT, LET |
|00000290| 55 53 20 54 41 4b 45 20 | 41 20 4c 4f 4f 4b 20 41 |US TAKE |A LOOK A|
|000002a0| 54 20 57 48 41 54 20 41 | 52 45 20 43 41 4c 4c 45 |T WHAT A|RE CALLE|
|000002b0| 44 20 41 53 53 45 4d 42 | 4c 45 52 20 44 49 52 45 |D ASSEMB|LER DIRE|
|000002c0| 43 54 49 56 45 53 2c 20 | 41 4c 53 4f 20 4b 4e 4f |CTIVES, |ALSO KNO|
|000002d0| 57 4e 20 41 53 20 50 53 | 45 55 44 4f 2d 4f 50 53 |WN AS PS|EUDO-OPS|
|000002e0| 2e 20 20 d0 53 45 55 44 | 4f 2d 4f 50 53 20 41 52 |. .SEUD|O-OPS AR|
|000002f0| 45 20 49 4e 53 54 52 55 | 43 54 49 4f 4e 53 20 49 |E INSTRU|CTIONS I|
|00000300| 4e 53 45 52 54 45 44 20 | 49 4e 54 4f 20 59 4f 55 |NSERTED |INTO YOU|
|00000310| 52 20 53 4f 55 52 43 45 | 20 43 4f 44 45 20 54 48 |R SOURCE| CODE TH|
|00000320| 41 54 20 49 4e 46 4f 52 | 4d 20 54 48 45 20 41 53 |AT INFOR|M THE AS|
|00000330| 53 45 4d 42 4c 45 52 20 | 48 4f 57 20 54 4f 20 50 |SEMBLER |HOW TO P|
|00000340| 45 52 46 4f 52 4d 20 43 | 45 52 54 41 49 4e 20 54 |ERFORM C|ERTAIN T|
|00000350| 41 53 4b 53 2e 20 20 c6 | 4f 52 20 45 58 41 4d 50 |ASKS. .|OR EXAMP|
|00000360| 4c 45 2c 20 41 4c 4c 20 | 41 53 53 45 4d 42 4c 45 |LE, ALL |ASSEMBLE|
|00000370| 52 53 20 4d 55 53 54 20 | 50 52 4f 56 49 44 45 20 |RS MUST |PROVIDE |
|00000380| 53 4f 4d 45 20 4d 45 54 | 48 4f 44 20 4f 46 20 44 |SOME MET|HOD OF D|
|00000390| 45 46 49 4e 49 4e 47 20 | 57 48 45 52 45 20 49 4e |EFINING |WHERE IN|
|000003a0| 20 4d 45 4d 4f 52 59 20 | 41 4e 20 cd cc 20 50 52 | MEMORY |AN .. PR|
|000003b0| 4f 47 52 41 4d 20 49 53 | 20 54 4f 20 42 45 20 45 |OGRAM IS| TO BE E|
|000003c0| 58 45 43 55 54 45 44 2e | 20 20 c4 49 46 46 45 52 |XECUTED.| .IFFER|
|000003d0| 45 4e 54 20 41 53 53 45 | 4d 42 4c 45 52 53 20 49 |ENT ASSE|MBLERS I|
|000003e0| 4d 50 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 | 20 54 48 49 53 20 46 55 |MPLEMENT| THIS FU|
|000003f0| 4e 43 54 49 4f 4e 20 49 | 4e 20 44 49 46 46 45 52 |NCTION I|N DIFFER|
|00000400| 45 4e 54 20 57 41 59 53 | 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 d4 48 |ENT WAYS|... .H|
|00000410| 45 20 cd c1 c5 20 41 53 | 53 45 4d 42 4c 45 52 20 |E ... AS|SEMBLER |
|00000420| 55 53 45 53 20 54 48 45 | 20 27 2e c2 c1 27 20 28 |USES THE| '...' (|
|00000430| c2 45 47 49 4e 20 c1 53 | 53 45 4d 42 4c 59 29 20 |.EGIN .S|SEMBLY) |
|00000440| 50 53 45 55 44 4f 2d 4f | 50 20 46 4f 52 20 54 48 |PSEUDO-O|P FOR TH|
|00000450| 49 53 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 | 20 2e c2 c1 20 24 c3 30 |IS... | ... $.0|
|00000460| 30 30 0d 0d d4 48 49 53 | 20 43 41 55 53 45 53 20 |00...HIS| CAUSES |
|00000470| 54 48 45 20 41 53 53 45 | 4d 42 4c 45 52 20 54 4f |THE ASSE|MBLER TO|
|00000480| 20 42 45 47 49 4e 20 41 | 53 53 45 4d 42 4c 49 4e | BEGIN A|SSEMBLIN|
|00000490| 47 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 | 4f 47 52 41 4d 20 41 54 |G THE PR|OGRAM AT|
|000004a0| 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 | 20 24 c3 30 30 30 2e 20 | ADDRESS| $.000. |
|000004b0| 20 d4 48 45 20 45 51 55 | 49 56 41 4c 45 4e 54 20 | .HE EQU|IVALENT |
|000004c0| 4f 50 45 52 41 54 49 4f | 4e 20 55 53 49 4e 47 20 |OPERATIO|N USING |
|000004d0| 54 48 45 20 cd c5 d2 cc | c9 ce 20 41 53 53 45 4d |THE ....|.. ASSEM|
|000004e0| 42 4c 45 52 20 49 53 20 | cf d2 c7 20 24 c3 30 30 |BLER IS |... $.00|
|000004f0| 30 2e 20 20 c3 4f 4d 4d | 4f 44 4f 52 45 27 53 20 |0. .OMM|ODORE'S |
|00000500| 41 53 53 45 4d 42 4c 45 | 52 20 57 4f 55 4c 44 20 |ASSEMBLE|R WOULD |
|00000510| 41 43 43 4f 4d 50 4c 49 | 53 48 20 54 48 45 20 53 |ACCOMPLI|SH THE S|
|00000520| 41 4d 45 20 46 55 4e 43 | 54 49 4f 4e 20 57 49 54 |AME FUNC|TION WIT|
|00000530| 48 20 2a 3d 24 c3 30 30 | 30 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 c1 |H *=$.00|0... .|
|00000540| 53 53 45 4d 42 4c 45 52 | 53 20 4d 55 53 54 20 41 |SSEMBLER|S MUST A|
|00000550| 4c 53 4f 20 50 52 4f 56 | 49 44 45 20 53 4f 4d 45 |LSO PROV|IDE SOME|
|00000560| 20 4d 45 54 48 4f 44 20 | 4f 46 20 53 45 54 54 49 | METHOD |OF SETTI|
|00000570| 4e 47 20 4c 41 42 45 4c | 53 20 4f 52 20 53 59 4d |NG LABEL|S OR SYM|
|00000580| 42 4f 4c 53 20 45 51 55 | 41 4c 20 54 4f 20 41 20 |BOLS EQU|AL TO A |
|00000590| 56 41 4c 55 45 2e 20 20 | d4 48 45 53 45 20 41 52 |VALUE. |.HESE AR|
|000005a0| 45 20 43 41 4c 4c 45 44 | 20 27 45 51 55 41 54 45 |E CALLED| 'EQUATE|
|000005b0| 53 27 2e 20 20 cd c1 c5 | 20 55 53 45 53 20 54 48 |S'. ...| USES TH|
|000005c0| 45 20 27 2e c4 c5 27 20 | 28 c4 45 46 49 4e 45 20 |E '...' |(.EFINE |
|000005d0| c5 58 54 45 52 4e 41 4c | 2c 20 49 2e 45 2e 2c 20 |.XTERNAL|, I.E., |
|000005e0| 45 58 54 45 52 4e 41 4c | 20 54 4f 20 54 48 45 20 |EXTERNAL| TO THE |
|000005f0| 50 52 4f 47 52 41 4d 29 | 20 50 53 45 55 44 4f 2d |PROGRAM)| PSEUDO-|
|00000600| 4f 50 20 46 4f 52 20 54 | 48 49 53 2e 20 20 c1 53 |OP FOR T|HIS. .S|
|00000610| 20 41 4e 20 45 58 41 4d | 50 4c 45 2c 20 48 45 52 | AN EXAM|PLE, HER|
|00000620| 45 20 49 53 20 53 4f 4d | 45 20 43 4f 44 45 20 57 |E IS SOM|E CODE W|
|00000630| 48 49 43 48 20 54 55 52 | 4e 53 20 54 48 45 20 53 |HICH TUR|NS THE S|
|00000640| 43 52 45 45 4e 20 42 4f | 52 44 45 52 20 42 4c 41 |CREEN BO|RDER BLA|
|00000650| 43 4b 3a 0d 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 cc c4 |CK:.. | ..|
|00000660| c1 20 23 24 30 30 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. #$00. | |
|00000670| d3 d4 c1 20 24 c4 30 32 | 30 0d 0d 0d 20 20 20 d4 |... $.02|0... .|
|00000680| 48 49 53 20 43 4f 44 45 | 20 57 4f 55 4c 44 20 42 |HIS CODE| WOULD B|
|00000690| 45 20 4d 55 43 48 20 45 | 41 53 49 45 52 20 54 4f |E MUCH E|ASIER TO|
|000006a0| 20 55 4e 44 45 52 53 54 | 41 4e 44 20 49 46 20 57 | UNDERST|AND IF W|
|000006b0| 45 20 57 45 52 45 20 54 | 4f 20 55 53 45 20 45 51 |E WERE T|O USE EQ|
|000006c0| 55 41 54 45 53 2e 20 20 | c6 4f 52 20 45 58 41 4d |UATES. |.OR EXAM|
|000006d0| 50 4c 45 3a 0d 0d 20 c2 | cc c1 c3 cb 20 20 2e c4 |PLE:.. .|.... ..|
|000006e0| c5 20 24 30 30 0d 20 42 | 4f 52 44 45 52 20 2e c4 |. $00. B|ORDER ..|
|000006f0| c5 20 24 c4 30 32 30 0d | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. $.020.|. |
|00000700| 20 20 cc c4 c1 20 23 c2 | cc c1 c3 cb 0d 20 20 20 | ... #.|..... |
|00000710| 20 20 20 20 20 20 d3 d4 | c1 20 42 4f 52 44 45 52 | ..|. BORDER|
|00000720| 0d 0d 20 20 20 d3 49 4e | 43 45 20 c2 cc c1 c3 cb |.. .IN|CE .....|
|00000730| 20 49 53 20 44 45 46 49 | 4e 45 44 20 41 53 20 45 | IS DEFI|NED AS E|
|00000740| 51 55 41 4c 20 54 4f 20 | 30 2c 20 27 cc c4 c1 e0 |QUAL TO |0, '....|
|00000750| 23 c2 cc c1 c3 cb 27 20 | 49 53 20 45 58 41 43 54 |#.....' |IS EXACT|
|00000760| 4c 59 20 45 51 55 49 56 | 41 4c 45 4e 54 20 54 4f |LY EQUIV|ALENT TO|
|00000770| 20 cc c4 c1 e0 23 24 30 | 30 2e 20 20 c9 4e 20 54 | ....#$0|0. .N T|
|00000780| 48 45 20 53 41 4d 45 20 | 56 45 49 4e 2c 20 53 49 |HE SAME |VEIN, SI|
|00000790| 4e 43 45 20 27 42 4f 52 | 44 45 52 27 20 49 53 20 |NCE 'BOR|DER' IS |
|000007a0| 44 45 46 49 4e 45 44 20 | 41 53 20 42 45 49 4e 47 |DEFINED |AS BEING|
|000007b0| 20 45 51 55 41 4c 20 54 | 4f 20 24 c4 30 32 31 2c | EQUAL T|O $.021,|
|000007c0| 20 54 48 45 4e 20 27 d3 | d4 c1 20 42 4f 52 44 45 | THEN '.|.. BORDE|
|000007d0| 52 27 20 49 53 20 49 4e | 54 45 52 50 52 45 54 45 |R' IS IN|TERPRETE|
|000007e0| 44 20 41 53 20 d3 d4 c1 | 20 24 c4 30 32 31 2e 0d |D AS ...| $.021..|
|000007f0| 0d 20 20 20 d4 48 45 20 | c3 4f 4d 4d 4f 44 4f 52 |. .HE |.OMMODOR|
|00000800| 45 20 41 53 53 45 4d 42 | 4c 45 52 20 43 52 45 41 |E ASSEMB|LER CREA|
|00000810| 54 45 53 20 45 51 55 41 | 54 45 53 20 57 49 54 48 |TES EQUA|TES WITH|
|00000820| 20 27 3d 27 2e 20 20 c5 | 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 3a 0d | '='. .|XAMPLE:.|
|00000830| 0d 20 c2 cc c1 c3 cb 20 | 20 3d 20 24 30 30 0d 20 |. ..... | = $00. |
|00000840| 45 58 54 43 4c 52 20 3d | 20 24 c4 30 32 30 0d 0d |EXTCLR =| $.020..|
|00000850| 0d 0d 20 20 20 cd c5 d2 | cc c9 ce 20 55 53 45 53 |.. ...|... USES|
|00000860| 20 c5 d1 d5 20 41 53 20 | 49 54 53 20 45 51 55 41 | ... AS |ITS EQUA|
|00000870| 54 45 20 50 53 45 55 44 | 4f 2d 4f 50 2e 20 20 c5 |TE PSEUD|O-OP. .|
|00000880| 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 3a 0d | 0d 20 c2 cc c1 c3 cb 20 |XAMPLE:.|. ..... |
|00000890| 20 c5 d1 d5 20 24 30 30 | 0d 20 45 58 54 43 4c 52 | ... $00|. EXTCLR|
|000008a0| 20 c5 d1 d5 20 24 c4 30 | 32 30 0d 0d 20 20 20 c5 | ... $.0|20.. .|
|000008b0| 51 55 41 54 45 53 20 53 | 48 4f 55 4c 44 20 41 4c |QUATES S|HOULD AL|
|000008c0| 57 41 59 53 20 42 45 20 | 44 45 46 49 4e 45 44 20 |WAYS BE |DEFINED |
|000008d0| 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 53 | 54 41 52 54 20 4f 46 20 |AT THE S|TART OF |
|000008e0| 54 48 45 20 50 52 4f 47 | 52 41 4d 20 4f 54 48 45 |THE PROG|RAM OTHE|
|000008f0| 52 57 49 53 45 20 53 54 | 52 41 4e 47 45 20 54 48 |RWISE ST|RANGE TH|
|00000900| 49 4e 47 53 20 43 41 4e | 20 48 41 50 50 45 4e 20 |INGS CAN| HAPPEN |
|00000910| 57 49 54 48 20 53 4f 4d | 45 20 41 53 53 45 4d 42 |WITH SOM|E ASSEMB|
|00000920| 4c 45 52 53 2e 20 20 d4 | 48 45 20 57 52 4f 4e 47 |LERS. .|HE WRONG|
|00000930| 20 56 41 4c 55 45 53 20 | 43 41 4e 20 42 45 20 41 | VALUES |CAN BE A|
|00000940| 53 53 49 47 4e 45 44 20 | 54 4f 20 54 48 45 20 45 |SSIGNED |TO THE E|
|00000950| 51 55 41 54 45 20 4f 52 | 20 54 48 45 20 41 53 53 |QUATE OR| THE ASS|
|00000960| 45 4d 42 4c 45 52 20 4d | 41 59 20 53 49 4d 50 4c |EMBLER M|AY SIMPL|
|00000970| 59 20 41 42 4f 52 54 20 | 54 48 45 20 41 53 53 45 |Y ABORT |THE ASSE|
|00000980| 4d 42 4c 59 20 57 49 54 | 48 20 41 4e 20 27 55 4e |MBLY WIT|H AN 'UN|
|00000990| 44 45 46 49 4e 45 44 20 | 45 51 55 41 54 45 27 20 |DEFINED |EQUATE' |
|000009a0| 45 52 52 4f 52 2e 0d 0d | 20 20 20 c9 4e 20 41 44 |ERROR...| .N AD|
|000009b0| 44 49 54 49 4f 4e 20 54 | 4f 20 45 51 55 41 54 45 |DITION T|O EQUATE|
|000009c0| 53 2c 20 41 53 53 45 4d | 42 4c 45 52 53 20 4e 45 |S, ASSEM|BLERS NE|
|000009d0| 45 44 20 53 4f 4d 45 20 | 4d 45 54 48 4f 44 20 4f |ED SOME |METHOD O|
|000009e0| 46 20 52 45 53 45 52 56 | 49 4e 47 20 4f 4e 45 20 |F RESERV|ING ONE |
|000009f0| 4f 52 20 4d 4f 52 45 20 | 42 59 54 45 53 20 4f 46 |OR MORE |BYTES OF|
|00000a00| 20 4d 45 4d 4f 52 59 20 | 46 4f 52 20 44 41 54 41 | MEMORY |FOR DATA|
|00000a10| 20 53 54 4f 52 41 47 45 | 2e 20 20 d4 48 45 53 45 | STORAGE|. .HESE|
|00000a20| 20 42 4c 4f 43 4b 53 20 | 4f 46 20 4d 45 4d 4f 52 | BLOCKS |OF MEMOR|
|00000a30| 59 20 41 52 45 20 43 41 | 4c 4c 45 44 20 27 56 41 |Y ARE CA|LLED 'VA|
|00000a40| 52 49 41 42 4c 45 53 27 | 2e 20 20 cd c1 c5 20 55 |RIABLES'|. ... U|
|00000a50| 53 45 53 20 54 48 45 20 | 27 2e c4 d3 27 20 28 c4 |SES THE |'...' (.|
|00000a60| 45 46 49 4e 45 20 d3 54 | 4f 52 41 47 45 29 20 50 |EFINE .T|ORAGE) P|
|00000a70| 53 45 55 44 4f 2d 4f 50 | 20 46 4f 52 20 54 48 49 |SEUDO-OP| FOR THI|
|00000a80| 53 2e 20 20 d4 59 50 49 | 43 41 4c 4c 59 20 41 20 |S. .YPI|CALLY A |
|00000a90| 50 52 4f 47 52 41 4d 4d | 45 52 20 57 49 4c 4c 20 |PROGRAMM|ER WILL |
|00000aa0| 41 53 53 49 47 4e 20 41 | 20 4c 41 42 45 4c 20 54 |ASSIGN A| LABEL T|
|00000ab0| 4f 20 54 48 45 20 52 45 | 53 45 52 56 45 44 20 4d |O THE RE|SERVED M|
|00000ac0| 45 4d 4f 52 59 20 4c 4f | 43 41 54 49 4f 4e 20 41 |EMORY LO|CATION A|
|00000ad0| 4e 44 20 53 50 45 43 49 | 46 59 20 48 4f 57 20 4d |ND SPECI|FY HOW M|
|00000ae0| 41 4e 59 20 42 59 54 45 | 53 20 4f 46 20 53 54 4f |ANY BYTE|S OF STO|
|00000af0| 52 41 47 45 20 54 4f 20 | 41 4c 4c 4f 43 41 54 45 |RAGE TO |ALLOCATE|
|00000b00| 2e 20 20 c5 58 41 4d 50 | 4c 45 53 3a 0d 0d 0d 0d |. .XAMP|LES:....|
|00000b10| 0d 20 49 4e 54 45 47 45 | 52 31 20 20 20 2e c4 d3 |. INTEGE|R1 ...|
|00000b20| 20 24 30 32 20 3b 52 45 | 53 45 52 56 45 20 32 20 | $02 ;RE|SERVE 2 |
|00000b30| 42 59 54 45 53 0d 20 4c | 45 4e c4 49 53 4b c2 55 |BYTES. L|EN.ISK.U|
|00000b40| 46 20 2e c4 d3 20 24 30 | 31 20 3b 52 45 53 45 52 |F ... $0|1 ;RESER|
|00000b50| 56 45 20 31 20 42 59 54 | 45 0d 20 44 49 53 4b c2 |VE 1 BYT|E. DISK.|
|00000b60| 55 46 46 45 52 20 2e c4 | d3 20 24 c6 c6 20 3b 52 |UFFER ..|. $.. ;R|
|00000b70| 45 53 45 52 56 45 20 32 | 35 35 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |ESERVE 2|55. |
|00000b80| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3b | | ;|
|00000b90| 2e 2e 2e 42 59 54 45 53 | 0d 0d 20 20 20 d4 48 45 |...BYTES|.. .HE|
|00000ba0| 20 cd c5 d2 cc c9 ce 20 | 41 53 53 45 4d 42 4c 45 | ...... |ASSEMBLE|
|00000bb0| 52 20 55 53 45 53 20 54 | 48 45 20 c4 d3 20 50 53 |R USES T|HE .. PS|
|00000bc0| 45 55 44 4f 2d 4f 50 20 | 28 4d 49 4e 55 53 20 54 |EUDO-OP |(MINUS T|
|00000bd0| 48 45 20 50 45 52 49 4f | 44 29 20 54 4f 20 43 52 |HE PERIO|D) TO CR|
|00000be0| 45 41 54 45 20 44 41 54 | 41 20 53 54 4f 52 41 47 |EATE DAT|A STORAG|
|00000bf0| 45 20 41 52 45 41 53 2e | 20 20 d4 48 45 20 c3 4f |E AREAS.| .HE .O|
|00000c00| 4d 4d 4f 44 4f 52 45 20 | 41 53 53 45 4d 42 4c 45 |MMODORE |ASSEMBLE|
|00000c10| 52 20 55 53 45 53 20 27 | 2a 3d 2a 2b 27 2e 20 c6 |R USES '|*=*+'. .|
|00000c20| 4f 52 20 45 58 41 4d 50 | 4c 45 2c 20 2a 3d 2a 2b |OR EXAMP|LE, *=*+|
|00000c30| 35 20 57 4f 55 4c 44 20 | 41 4c 4c 4f 43 41 54 45 |5 WOULD |ALLOCATE|
|00000c40| 20 35 20 42 59 54 45 53 | 20 4f 46 20 53 54 4f 52 | 5 BYTES| OF STOR|
|00000c50| 41 47 45 2e 0d 0d 20 20 | 20 c1 53 53 45 4d 42 4c |AGE... | .SSEMBL|
|00000c60| 45 52 53 20 52 45 51 55 | 49 52 45 20 46 55 4e 43 |ERS REQU|IRE FUNC|
|00000c70| 54 49 4f 4e 53 20 54 4f | 20 49 4e 49 54 49 41 4c |TIONS TO| INITIAL|
|00000c80| 49 5a 45 20 4d 45 4d 4f | 52 59 2e 20 20 cd c1 c5 |IZE MEMO|RY. ...|
|00000c90| 27 53 20 27 2e c2 d9 27 | 20 50 53 45 55 44 4f 2d |'S '...'| PSEUDO-|
|00000ca0| 4f 50 20 57 49 4c 4c 20 | 41 53 53 45 4d 42 4c 45 |OP WILL |ASSEMBLE|
|00000cb0| 20 41 4e 59 20 54 45 58 | 54 20 4f 52 20 44 41 54 | ANY TEX|T OR DAT|
|00000cc0| 41 20 49 4d 4d 45 44 49 | 41 54 45 4c 59 20 46 4f |A IMMEDI|ATELY FO|
|00000cd0| 4c 4c 4f 57 49 4e 47 20 | 54 48 45 20 2e c2 d9 20 |LLOWING |THE ... |
|00000ce0| 44 49 52 45 43 54 49 56 | 45 20 49 4e 54 4f 20 43 |DIRECTIV|E INTO C|
|00000cf0| 4f 4e 53 45 43 55 54 49 | 56 45 20 4d 45 4d 4f 52 |ONSECUTI|VE MEMOR|
|00000d00| 59 20 42 59 54 45 53 2e | 20 20 d4 59 50 49 43 41 |Y BYTES.| .YPICA|
|00000d10| 4c 4c 59 20 4f 4e 45 20 | 57 4f 55 4c 44 20 41 53 |LLY ONE |WOULD AS|
|00000d20| 53 49 47 4e 20 41 20 4c | 41 42 45 4c 20 54 4f 20 |SIGN A L|ABEL TO |
|00000d30| 54 48 45 20 44 41 54 41 | 2e 20 e0 c6 4f 52 20 45 |THE DATA|. ..OR E|
|00000d40| 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 3a 0d | 0d 20 54 45 58 54 c4 45 |XAMPLE:.|. TEXT.E|
|00000d50| 4d 4f 20 2e c2 d9 20 24 | 39 33 20 27 d3 cf cd c5 |MO ... $|93 '....|
|00000d60| 20 d4 c5 d8 d4 27 20 24 | 30 c4 0d 0d 57 4f 55 4c | ....' $|0...WOUL|
|00000d70| 44 20 53 54 4f 52 45 20 | 54 48 45 20 44 41 54 41 |D STORE |THE DATA|
|00000d80| 20 24 39 33 2c 20 d3 cf | cd c5 20 d4 c5 d8 d4 2c | $93, ..|.. ....,|
|00000d90| 20 41 4e 44 20 24 30 c4 | 2c 20 43 4f 4e 53 45 43 | AND $0.|, CONSEC|
|00000da0| 55 54 49 56 45 4c 59 20 | 49 4e 54 4f 20 4d 45 4d |UTIVELY |INTO MEM|
|00000db0| 4f 52 59 2e 0d 0d 20 20 | 20 cd c1 c5 20 49 4e 54 |ORY... | ... INT|
|00000dc0| 45 52 50 52 45 54 53 20 | 43 48 41 52 41 43 54 45 |ERPRETS |CHARACTE|
|00000dd0| 52 53 20 53 55 52 52 4f | 55 4e 44 45 44 20 42 59 |RS SURRO|UNDED BY|
|00000de0| 20 54 48 45 20 53 49 4e | 47 4c 45 20 51 55 4f 54 | THE SIN|GLE QUOT|
|00000df0| 45 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 | 54 45 52 20 41 53 20 4c |E CHARAC|TER AS L|
|00000e00| 49 54 45 52 41 4c 20 54 | 45 58 54 2e 20 20 d4 48 |ITERAL T|EXT. .H|
|00000e10| 45 20 56 41 4c 55 45 20 | 24 39 33 20 57 4f 55 4c |E VALUE |$93 WOUL|
|00000e20| 44 20 42 45 20 53 54 4f | 52 45 44 20 49 4e 20 4d |D BE STO|RED IN M|
|00000e30| 45 4d 4f 52 59 20 46 4f | 4c 4c 4f 57 45 44 20 42 |EMORY FO|LLOWED B|
|00000e40| 59 20 54 48 45 20 c1 d3 | c3 c9 c9 20 43 48 41 52 |Y THE ..|... CHAR|
|00000e50| 41 43 54 45 52 53 20 d3 | cf cd c5 e0 d4 c5 d8 d4 |ACTERS .|........|
|00000e60| 2c 20 46 4f 4c 4c 4f 57 | 45 44 20 42 59 20 54 48 |, FOLLOW|ED BY TH|
|00000e70| 45 20 56 41 4c 55 45 20 | 24 30 c4 2e 20 20 d4 48 |E VALUE |$0.. .H|
|00000e80| 45 20 c3 4f 4d 4d 4f 44 | 4f 52 45 20 41 53 53 45 |E .OMMOD|ORE ASSE|
|00000e90| 4d 42 4c 45 52 20 55 53 | 45 53 20 27 2e c2 d9 d4 |MBLER US|ES '....|
|00000ea0| 27 20 41 53 20 54 48 45 | 20 45 51 55 49 56 41 4c |' AS THE| EQUIVAL|
|00000eb0| 45 4e 54 20 54 4f 20 cd | c1 c5 27 d3 20 27 2e c2 |ENT TO .|..'. '..|
|00000ec0| d9 27 2e 20 20 cd c5 d2 | cc c9 ce 20 48 41 53 20 |.'. ...|... HAS |
|00000ed0| 35 20 4f 52 20 36 20 44 | 49 46 46 45 52 45 4e 54 |5 OR 6 D|IFFERENT|
|00000ee0| 20 50 53 45 55 44 4f 2d | 4f 50 53 20 57 48 49 43 | PSEUDO-|OPS WHIC|
|00000ef0| 48 20 41 52 45 20 56 41 | 52 49 41 54 49 4f 4e 53 |H ARE VA|RIATIONS|
|00000f00| 20 4f 4e 20 27 2e c2 d9 | 27 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 cd | ON '...|'... .|
|00000f10| c1 c5 20 55 53 45 53 20 | 54 48 45 20 50 53 45 55 |.. USES |THE PSEU|
|00000f20| 44 4f 2d 4f 50 20 27 2e | d3 c5 27 20 54 4f 20 41 |DO-OP '.|..' TO A|
|00000f30| 53 53 45 4d 42 4c 45 20 | 31 36 2d 42 49 54 20 57 |SSEMBLE |16-BIT W|
|00000f40| 4f 52 44 53 20 4f 52 20 | 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 45 |ORDS OR |ADDRESSE|
|00000f50| 53 20 49 4e 54 4f 20 4d | 45 4d 4f 52 59 2e 20 20 |S INTO M|EMORY. |
|00000f60| d4 48 45 20 4c 4f 57 2d | 42 59 54 45 20 49 53 20 |.HE LOW-|BYTE IS |
|00000f70| 53 54 4f 52 45 44 20 46 | 49 52 53 54 20 49 4e 54 |STORED F|IRST INT|
|00000f80| 4f 20 4d 45 4d 4f 52 59 | 20 46 4f 4c 4c 4f 57 45 |O MEMORY| FOLLOWE|
|00000f90| 44 20 42 59 20 54 48 45 | 20 48 49 47 48 2d 42 59 |D BY THE| HIGH-BY|
|00000fa0| 54 45 2e 20 20 c5 58 41 | 4d 50 4c 45 3a 0d 0d 20 |TE. .XA|MPLE:.. |
|00000fb0| c2 c1 d3 c5 20 20 2e d3 | c5 20 20 24 c6 c6 31 30 |.... ..|. $..10|
|00000fc0| 20 3b 50 4c 41 43 45 53 | 20 24 31 30 20 24 c6 c6 | ;PLACES| $10 $..|
|00000fd0| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |. | |
|00000fe0| 20 20 20 3b 2e 2e 2e 49 | 4e 54 4f 20 4d 45 4d 4f | ;...I|NTO MEMO|
|00000ff0| 52 59 2e 0d 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 2e d3 c5 20 20 |RY.. | ... |
|00001000| 24 31 33 39 30 20 3b 50 | 4c 41 43 45 53 20 24 39 |$1390 ;P|LACES $9|
|00001010| 30 20 24 31 33 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |0 $13. | |
|00001020| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 3b 2e 2e 2e 49 4e 54 4f | |;...INTO|
|00001030| 20 4d 45 4d 4f 52 59 2e | 0d 0d 20 20 20 d4 48 45 | MEMORY.|.. .HE|
|00001040| 20 c3 4f 4d 4d 4f 44 4f | 52 45 20 45 51 55 49 56 | .OMMODO|RE EQUIV|
|00001050| 41 4c 45 4e 54 20 54 4f | 20 27 2e d3 c5 27 20 49 |ALENT TO| '...' I|
|00001060| 53 20 27 2e d7 cf d2 27 | 2e 20 20 cd c5 d2 cc c9 |S '....'|. .....|
|00001070| ce 20 48 41 53 20 27 c4 | d7 27 20 28 c4 45 46 49 |. HAS '.|.' (.EFI|
|00001080| 4e 45 20 d7 4f 52 44 29 | 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 cf 46 |NE .ORD)|... .F|
|00001090| 54 45 4e 20 49 54 20 49 | 53 20 4e 45 43 45 53 53 |TEN IT I|S NECESS|
|000010a0| 41 52 59 20 54 4f 20 4d | 41 4e 49 50 55 4c 41 54 |ARY TO M|ANIPULAT|
|000010b0| 45 20 31 36 2d 42 49 54 | 20 57 4f 52 44 53 20 4f |E 16-BIT| WORDS O|
|000010c0| 52 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 | 53 45 53 2e 20 20 d3 49 |R ADDRES|SES. .I|
|000010d0| 4e 43 45 20 54 48 45 20 | 36 35 31 30 20 48 41 53 |NCE THE |6510 HAS|
|000010e0| 20 38 2d 42 49 54 20 52 | 45 47 49 53 54 45 52 53 | 8-BIT R|EGISTERS|
|000010f0| 2c 20 4f 4e 4c 59 20 31 | 2f 32 20 4f 46 20 41 20 |, ONLY 1|/2 OF A |
|00001100| 57 4f 52 44 20 43 41 4e | 20 42 45 20 48 41 4e 44 |WORD CAN| BE HAND|
|00001110| 4c 45 44 20 57 49 54 48 | 20 4f 4e 45 20 49 4e 53 |LED WITH| ONE INS|
|00001120| 54 52 55 43 54 49 4f 4e | 2e 20 20 cd c1 c5 20 50 |TRUCTION|. ... P|
|00001130| 52 4f 56 49 44 45 53 20 | 54 48 45 20 27 cc 2c 27 |ROVIDES |THE '.,'|
|00001140| 20 41 4e 44 20 27 c8 2c | 27 20 4f 50 45 52 41 54 | AND '.,|' OPERAT|
|00001150| 4f 52 53 20 54 4f 20 53 | 45 4c 45 43 54 20 45 49 |ORS TO S|ELECT EI|
|00001160| 54 48 45 52 20 54 48 45 | 20 4c 4f 57 20 42 59 54 |THER THE| LOW BYT|
|00001170| 45 20 4f 52 20 48 49 47 | 48 20 42 59 54 45 20 4f |E OR HIG|H BYTE O|
|00001180| 46 20 41 20 57 4f 52 44 | 2e 20 20 c5 58 41 4d 50 |F A WORD|. .XAMP|
|00001190| 4c 45 3a 0d 0d 20 54 45 | 53 54 c4 45 4d 4f 20 20 |LE:.. TE|ST.EMO |
|000011a0| 2e c4 c5 20 20 24 33 34 | 39 31 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 |... $34|91.. |
|000011b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | cc c4 c1 20 23 cc 2c 24 | |... #.,$|
|000011c0| 33 34 39 31 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |3491. | |
|000011d0| 20 cc c4 d9 20 23 c8 2c | 24 33 34 39 31 0d 20 20 | ... #.,|$3491. |
|000011e0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 cc c4 d8 20 23 c8 | | ... #.|
|000011f0| 2c 54 45 58 54 c4 45 4d | 4f 0d 0d 20 20 20 d4 48 |,TEXT.EM|O.. .H|
|00001200| 45 20 4c 4f 57 20 42 59 | 54 45 20 24 39 31 20 57 |E LOW BY|TE $91 W|
|00001210| 4f 55 4c 44 20 42 45 20 | 4c 4f 41 44 45 44 20 49 |OULD BE |LOADED I|
|00001220| 4e 54 4f 20 54 48 45 20 | 2e c1 20 57 49 54 48 20 |NTO THE |.. WITH |
|00001230| 54 48 45 20 46 49 52 53 | 54 20 49 4e 53 54 52 55 |THE FIRS|T INSTRU|
|00001240| 43 54 49 4f 4e 2e 20 20 | d4 48 45 20 48 49 47 48 |CTION. |.HE HIGH|
|00001250| 20 42 59 54 45 20 24 33 | 34 20 57 4f 55 4c 44 20 | BYTE $3|4 WOULD |
|00001260| 42 45 20 4c 4f 41 44 45 | 44 20 49 4e 54 4f 20 2e |BE LOADE|D INTO .|
|00001270| d9 20 57 49 54 48 20 54 | 48 45 20 53 45 43 4f 4e |. WITH T|HE SECON|
|00001280| 44 20 49 4e 53 54 52 55 | 43 54 49 4f 4e 2e 20 20 |D INSTRU|CTION. |
|00001290| d4 48 45 20 54 48 49 52 | 44 20 49 4e 53 54 52 55 |.HE THIR|D INSTRU|
|000012a0| 43 54 49 4f 4e 20 44 45 | 4d 4f 4e 53 54 52 41 54 |CTION DE|MONSTRAT|
|000012b0| 45 53 20 54 48 45 20 55 | 53 45 20 4f 46 20 27 2e |ES THE U|SE OF '.|
|000012c0| d3 c5 27 20 57 49 54 48 | 20 41 20 4c 41 42 45 4c |..' WITH| A LABEL|
|000012d0| 2e 20 20 c9 54 20 57 4f | 55 4c 44 20 52 45 53 55 |. .T WO|ULD RESU|
|000012e0| 4c 54 20 49 4e 20 2e d8 | 20 42 45 49 4e 47 20 4c |LT IN ..| BEING L|
|000012f0| 4f 41 44 45 44 20 57 49 | 54 48 20 24 33 34 2e 0d |OADED WI|TH $34..|
|00001300| 0d 0d 0d 0d 20 20 20 d4 | 48 45 20 c3 4f 4d 4d 4f |.... .|HE .OMMO|
|00001310| 44 4f 52 45 20 41 4e 44 | 20 cd c5 d2 cc c9 ce 20 |DORE AND| ...... |
|00001320| 41 53 53 45 4d 42 4c 45 | 52 53 20 55 53 45 20 27 |ASSEMBLE|RS USE '|
|00001330| 3c 27 20 41 4e 44 20 27 | 3e 27 20 54 4f 20 53 45 |<' AND '|>' TO SE|
|00001340| 4c 45 43 54 20 42 45 54 | 57 45 45 4e 20 54 48 45 |LECT BET|WEEN THE|
|00001350| 20 4c 4f 57 20 41 4e 44 | 20 48 49 47 48 20 42 59 | LOW AND| HIGH BY|
|00001360| 54 45 53 20 4f 46 20 41 | 20 57 4f 52 44 2e 20 20 |TES OF A| WORD. |
|00001370| c6 4f 52 20 45 58 41 4d | 50 4c 45 3a 0d 0d 20 20 |.OR EXAM|PLE:.. |
|00001380| cc c4 c1 20 23 3c 24 33 | 34 39 31 20 3b 47 45 54 |... #<$3|491 ;GET|
|00001390| 20 4c 4f 57 20 42 59 54 | 45 20 24 39 31 0d 20 20 | LOW BYT|E $91. |
|000013a0| cc c4 d9 20 23 3e 24 33 | 34 39 31 20 3b 47 45 54 |... #>$3|491 ;GET|
|000013b0| 20 48 49 47 48 20 42 59 | 54 45 20 24 33 34 0d 0d | HIGH BY|TE $34..|
|000013c0| 20 20 20 c9 4e 20 54 48 | 49 53 20 43 4f 4c 55 4d | .N TH|IS COLUM|
|000013d0| 4e 20 57 45 20 41 52 45 | 20 41 44 4f 50 54 49 4e |N WE ARE| ADOPTIN|
|000013e0| 47 20 54 48 45 20 53 41 | 4d 45 20 43 4f 4e 56 45 |G THE SA|ME CONVE|
|000013f0| 4e 54 49 4f 4e 20 54 48 | 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 c7 |NTION TH|AT THE .|
|00001400| c5 cf d3 20 4f 50 45 52 | 41 54 49 4e 47 20 53 59 |... OPER|ATING SY|
|00001410| 53 54 45 4d 20 55 53 45 | 53 20 49 4e 53 4f 46 41 |STEM USE|S INSOFA|
|00001420| 52 20 41 53 20 4e 41 4d | 49 4e 47 20 56 41 52 49 |R AS NAM|ING VARI|
|00001430| 41 42 4c 45 53 2c 20 43 | 4f 4e 53 54 41 4e 54 53 |ABLES, C|ONSTANTS|
|00001440| 2c 20 53 55 42 52 4f 55 | 54 49 4e 45 53 2c 20 41 |, SUBROU|TINES, A|
|00001450| 4e 44 20 4d 41 43 52 4f | 53 2e 20 20 d7 48 41 54 |ND MACRO|S. .HAT|
|00001460| 20 4d 41 43 52 4f 53 20 | 41 52 45 20 41 4e 44 20 | MACROS |ARE AND |
|00001470| 44 4f 20 57 49 4c 4c 20 | 42 45 20 44 49 53 43 55 |DO WILL |BE DISCU|
|00001480| 53 53 45 44 20 4c 41 54 | 45 52 2e 20 20 c7 c5 cf |SSED LAT|ER. ...|
|00001490| d3 20 55 53 45 53 20 41 | 4c 4c 20 55 50 50 45 52 |. USES A|LL UPPER|
|000014a0| 2d 43 41 53 45 20 49 4e | 20 45 51 55 41 54 45 53 |-CASE IN| EQUATES|
|000014b0| 2e 20 20 c6 4f 52 20 45 | 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 2c 20 |. .OR E|XAMPLE, |
|000014c0| 43 4f 4c 4f 52 20 56 41 | 4c 55 45 53 20 53 55 43 |COLOR VA|LUES SUC|
|000014d0| 48 20 41 53 20 c2 cc c1 | c3 cb 20 4f 52 20 d7 c8 |H AS ...|.. OR ..|
|000014e0| c9 d4 c5 2c 20 c1 d3 c3 | c9 c9 20 56 41 4c 55 45 |..., ...|.. VALUE|
|000014f0| 53 20 53 55 43 48 20 41 | 53 20 c3 d2 20 46 4f 52 |S SUCH A|S .. FOR|
|00001500| 20 43 41 52 52 49 41 47 | 45 2d 52 45 54 55 52 4e | CARRIAG|E-RETURN|
|00001510| 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 d7 48 | 45 4e 20 54 48 45 20 4e |... .H|EN THE N|
|00001520| 41 4d 45 20 4f 46 20 41 | 20 43 4f 4e 53 54 41 4e |AME OF A| CONSTAN|
|00001530| 54 20 43 4f 4e 54 41 49 | 4e 53 20 4d 4f 52 45 20 |T CONTAI|NS MORE |
|00001540| 54 48 41 4e 20 4f 4e 45 | 20 57 4f 52 44 20 54 48 |THAN ONE| WORD TH|
|00001550| 45 20 57 4f 52 44 53 20 | 57 49 4c 4c 20 42 45 20 |E WORDS |WILL BE |
|00001560| 53 45 50 41 52 41 54 45 | 44 20 42 59 20 41 20 50 |SEPARATE|D BY A P|
|00001570| 45 52 49 4f 44 2e 20 20 | c6 4f 52 20 45 58 41 4d |ERIOD. |.OR EXAM|
|00001580| 50 4c 45 2c 20 c3 cc d2 | 2e d3 c3 d2 c5 c5 ce 2e |PLE, ...|........|
|00001590| 20 20 c7 c5 cf d3 20 55 | 53 45 53 20 54 48 45 20 | .... U|SES THE |
|000015a0| 55 4e 44 45 52 4c 49 4e | 45 20 43 48 41 52 41 43 |UNDERLIN|E CHARAC|
|000015b0| 54 45 52 20 27 e4 27 20 | 41 53 20 41 20 53 45 50 |TER '.' |AS A SEP|
|000015c0| 41 52 41 54 4f 52 20 42 | 55 54 20 cd c1 c5 20 57 |ARATOR B|UT ... W|
|000015d0| 49 4c 4c 20 4e 4f 54 20 | 41 43 43 45 50 54 20 55 |ILL NOT |ACCEPT U|
|000015e0| 4e 44 45 52 4c 49 4e 45 | 53 20 49 4e 20 4c 41 42 |NDERLINE|S IN LAB|
|000015f0| 45 4c 53 2e 0d 0d 20 20 | 20 d6 41 52 49 41 42 4c |ELS... | .ARIABL|
|00001600| 45 53 20 42 45 47 49 4e | 20 4c 4f 57 45 52 2d 43 |ES BEGIN| LOWER-C|
|00001610| 41 53 45 20 41 4e 44 20 | 48 41 56 45 20 45 56 45 |ASE AND |HAVE EVE|
|00001620| 52 59 20 46 4f 4c 4c 4f | 57 49 4e 47 20 57 4f 52 |RY FOLLO|WING WOR|
|00001630| 44 20 50 41 52 54 20 43 | 41 50 49 54 41 4c 49 5a |D PART C|APITALIZ|
|00001640| 45 44 2e 20 20 c6 4f 52 | 20 45 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 |ED. .OR| EXAMPLE|
|00001650| 2c 20 4c 45 4e c4 49 53 | 4b c2 55 46 2c 20 44 49 |, LEN.IS|K.UF, DI|
|00001660| 53 4b c2 55 46 46 45 52 | 2e 20 20 d3 55 42 52 4f |SK.UFFER|. .UBRO|
|00001670| 55 54 49 4e 45 53 20 41 | 4e 44 20 4d 41 43 52 4f |UTINES A|ND MACRO|
|00001680| 53 20 42 45 47 49 4e 20 | 55 50 50 45 52 2d 43 41 |S BEGIN |UPPER-CA|
|00001690| 53 45 20 41 4e 44 20 48 | 41 56 45 20 45 56 45 52 |SE AND H|AVE EVER|
|000016a0| 59 20 46 4f 4c 4c 4f 57 | 49 4e 47 20 57 4f 52 44 |Y FOLLOW|ING WORD|
|000016b0| 20 50 41 52 54 20 43 41 | 50 49 54 41 4c 49 5a 45 | PART CA|PITALIZE|
|000016c0| 44 2e 20 20 c6 4f 52 20 | 45 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 2c |D. .OR |EXAMPLE,|
|000016d0| 20 cf 55 54 50 55 54 d3 | 54 52 2c 20 d3 48 49 46 | .UTPUT.|TR, .HIF|
|000016e0| 54 cc 45 46 54 2e 0d 0d | 20 20 20 d7 45 20 57 49 |T.EFT...| .E WI|
|000016f0| 4c 4c 20 42 45 20 55 53 | 49 4e 47 20 c7 c5 cf d3 |LL BE US|ING ....|
|00001700| 20 4e 41 4d 45 53 20 57 | 48 45 52 45 20 41 50 50 | NAMES W|HERE APP|
|00001710| 4c 49 43 41 42 4c 45 2e | 20 20 d4 48 49 53 20 49 |LICABLE.| .HIS I|
|00001720| 4e 43 4c 55 44 45 53 20 | 54 48 49 4e 47 53 20 4c |NCLUDES |THINGS L|
|00001730| 49 4b 45 20 43 48 49 50 | 20 52 45 47 49 53 54 45 |IKE CHIP| REGISTE|
|00001740| 52 53 2c 20 5a 45 52 4f | 2d 50 41 47 45 20 41 44 |RS, ZERO|-PAGE AD|
|00001750| 44 52 45 53 53 45 53 20 | 55 53 45 44 20 42 59 20 |DRESSES |USED BY |
|00001760| 54 48 45 20 cb 45 52 4e | 41 4c 20 4f 50 45 52 41 |THE .ERN|AL OPERA|
|00001770| 54 49 4e 47 20 53 59 53 | 54 45 4d 2c 20 45 54 43 |TING SYS|TEM, ETC|
|00001780| 2e 20 20 d7 48 45 52 45 | 20 54 48 45 52 45 20 49 |. .HERE| THERE I|
|00001790| 53 20 4e 4f 20 c7 c5 cf | d3 20 4e 41 4d 45 20 46 |S NO ...|. NAME F|
|000017a0| 4f 52 20 53 4f 4d 45 54 | 48 49 4e 47 2c 20 57 45 |OR SOMET|HING, WE|
|000017b0| 20 57 49 4c 4c 20 42 45 | 20 55 53 49 4e 47 20 54 | WILL BE| USING T|
|000017c0| 48 45 20 c3 4f 4d 4d 4f | 44 4f 52 45 20 4e 41 4d |HE .OMMO|DORE NAM|
|000017d0| 45 53 2e 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d | 0d 0d 0d 0d 20 20 d4 57 |ES......|.... .W|
|000017e0| 4f 27 53 20 c3 4f 4d 50 | 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 20 d2 |O'S .OMP|LEMENT .|
|000017f0| 45 50 52 45 53 45 4e 54 | 41 54 49 4f 4e 0d 20 20 |EPRESENT|ATION. |
|00001800| f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 | f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 |........|........|
|00001810| f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 | f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 0d |........|........|
|00001820| 20 20 20 cf 4e 45 20 43 | 4f 4e 43 45 50 54 20 57 | .NE C|ONCEPT W|
|00001830| 45 20 48 41 56 45 20 4d | 45 4e 54 49 4f 4e 45 44 |E HAVE M|ENTIONED|
|00001840| 20 42 55 54 20 4e 4f 54 | 20 45 58 50 4c 41 49 4e | BUT NOT| EXPLAIN|
|00001850| 45 44 20 49 53 20 54 57 | 4f 27 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 |ED IS TW|O'S COMP|
|00001860| 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 20 41 | 52 49 54 48 4d 45 54 49 |LEMENT A|RITHMETI|
|00001870| 43 2e 20 20 d4 48 45 20 | 54 57 4f 27 53 20 43 4f |C. .HE |TWO'S CO|
|00001880| 4d 50 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 | 20 52 45 50 52 45 53 45 |MPLEMENT| REPRESE|
|00001890| 4e 54 41 54 49 4f 4e 20 | 4f 46 20 41 20 4e 55 4d |NTATION |OF A NUM|
|000018a0| 42 45 52 20 49 53 20 48 | 4f 57 20 4e 45 47 41 54 |BER IS H|OW NEGAT|
|000018b0| 49 56 45 20 4e 55 4d 42 | 45 52 53 20 41 52 45 20 |IVE NUMB|ERS ARE |
|000018c0| 4d 41 4e 49 50 55 4c 41 | 54 45 44 20 49 4e 20 43 |MANIPULA|TED IN C|
|000018d0| 4f 4d 50 55 54 45 52 53 | 20 41 4e 44 20 cd cc 20 |OMPUTERS| AND .. |
|000018e0| 50 52 4f 47 52 41 4d 4d | 49 4e 47 2e 20 20 d4 48 |PROGRAMM|ING. .H|
|000018f0| 45 20 52 45 41 53 4f 4e | 20 42 45 48 49 4e 44 20 |E REASON| BEHIND |
|00001900| 54 48 49 53 20 53 54 45 | 4d 53 20 46 52 4f 4d 20 |THIS STE|MS FROM |
|00001910| 54 48 45 20 46 41 43 54 | 20 54 48 41 54 20 43 4f |THE FACT| THAT CO|
|00001920| 4d 50 55 54 45 52 53 20 | 43 41 4e 20 4e 4f 54 20 |MPUTERS |CAN NOT |
|00001930| 53 55 42 54 52 41 43 54 | 20 42 49 4e 41 52 59 20 |SUBTRACT| BINARY |
|00001940| 44 49 47 49 54 53 2d 2d | 54 48 45 59 20 43 41 4e |DIGITS--|THEY CAN|
|00001950| 20 4f 4e 4c 59 20 41 44 | 44 20 54 48 45 4d 21 0d | ONLY AD|D THEM!.|
|00001960| 0d 20 20 20 d3 4f 20 48 | 4f 57 20 44 4f 45 53 20 |. .O H|OW DOES |
|00001970| 54 48 45 20 43 4f 4d 50 | 55 54 45 52 20 50 45 52 |THE COMP|UTER PER|
|00001980| 46 4f 52 4d 20 53 55 42 | 54 52 41 43 54 49 4f 4e |FORM SUB|TRACTION|
|00001990| 3f 20 20 d4 48 45 20 41 | 4e 53 57 45 52 20 4c 49 |? .HE A|NSWER LI|
|000019a0| 45 53 20 49 4e 20 54 57 | 4f 27 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 |ES IN TW|O'S COMP|
|000019b0| 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 20 41 | 44 44 49 54 49 4f 4e 2e |LEMENT A|DDITION.|
|000019c0| 20 20 d9 4f 55 20 53 45 | 45 2c 20 53 55 42 54 52 | .OU SE|E, SUBTR|
|000019d0| 41 43 54 49 4f 4e 20 43 | 41 4e 20 42 45 20 43 4f |ACTION C|AN BE CO|
|000019e0| 4e 56 45 52 54 45 44 20 | 49 4e 54 4f 20 41 20 46 |NVERTED |INTO A F|
|000019f0| 4f 52 4d 20 4f 46 20 41 | 44 44 49 54 49 4f 4e 2e |ORM OF A|DDITION.|
|00001a00| 20 20 d4 48 49 53 20 49 | 53 20 4d 4f 52 45 20 45 | .HIS I|S MORE E|
|00001a10| 41 53 49 4c 59 20 55 4e | 44 45 52 53 54 4f 4f 44 |ASILY UN|DERSTOOD|
|00001a20| 20 4f 55 54 53 49 44 45 | 20 4f 46 20 54 48 45 20 | OUTSIDE| OF THE |
|00001a30| 57 4f 52 4c 44 20 4f 46 | 20 42 49 4e 41 52 59 20 |WORLD OF| BINARY |
|00001a40| 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 53 2c | 20 49 4e 20 54 48 45 20 |NUMBERS,| IN THE |
|00001a50| 4d 4f 52 45 20 46 41 4d | 49 4c 49 41 52 20 53 55 |MORE FAM|ILIAR SU|
|00001a60| 52 52 4f 55 4e 44 49 4e | 47 53 20 4f 46 20 44 45 |RROUNDIN|GS OF DE|
|00001a70| 43 49 4d 41 4c 20 41 52 | 49 54 48 4d 45 54 49 43 |CIMAL AR|ITHMETIC|
|00001a80| 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 c9 4e | 20 4f 55 52 20 53 54 41 |... .N| OUR STA|
|00001a90| 4e 44 41 52 44 20 4e 55 | 4d 42 45 52 20 53 59 53 |NDARD NU|MBER SYS|
|00001aa0| 54 45 4d 2c 20 54 45 4e | 27 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 4c |TEM, TEN|'S COMPL|
|00001ab0| 45 4d 45 4e 54 20 49 53 | 20 54 48 45 20 44 45 43 |EMENT IS| THE DEC|
|00001ac0| 49 4d 41 4c 20 45 51 55 | 49 56 41 4c 45 4e 54 20 |IMAL EQU|IVALENT |
|00001ad0| 4f 46 20 42 49 4e 41 52 | 59 27 53 20 54 57 4f 27 |OF BINAR|Y'S TWO'|
|00001ae0| 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 4c 45 | 4d 45 4e 54 2e 20 20 c8 |S COMPLE|MENT. .|
|00001af0| 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 48 | 4f 57 20 44 45 43 49 4d |ERE IS H|OW DECIM|
|00001b00| 41 4c 20 53 55 42 54 52 | 41 43 54 49 4f 4e 20 54 |AL SUBTR|ACTION T|
|00001b10| 41 4b 45 53 20 50 4c 41 | 43 45 20 55 53 49 4e 47 |AKES PLA|CE USING|
|00001b20| 20 54 45 4e 27 53 20 43 | 4f 4d 50 4c 45 4d 45 4e | TEN'S C|OMPLEMEN|
|00001b30| 54 20 41 44 44 49 54 49 | 4f 4e 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 |T ADDITI|ON... |
|00001b40| c3 4f 4e 53 49 44 45 52 | 20 54 48 45 20 45 58 50 |.ONSIDER| THE EXP|
|00001b50| 52 45 53 53 49 4f 4e 3a | 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |RESSION:|.. |
|00001b60| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 38 2d 34 3d 34 0d 0d 0d | |8-4=4...|
|00001b70| d4 48 45 20 54 45 4e 27 | 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 4c 45 |.HE TEN'|S COMPLE|
|00001b80| 4d 45 4e 54 20 4f 46 20 | 34 20 49 53 20 28 31 30 |MENT OF |4 IS (10|
|00001b90| 2d 34 29 20 4f 52 20 36 | 2e 20 20 d4 48 45 20 53 |-4) OR 6|. .HE S|
|00001ba0| 55 42 54 52 41 43 54 49 | 4f 4e 20 43 41 4e 20 4e |UBTRACTI|ON CAN N|
|00001bb0| 4f 57 20 42 45 20 50 45 | 52 46 4f 52 4d 45 44 20 |OW BE PE|RFORMED |
|00001bc0| 55 53 49 4e 47 20 54 45 | 4e 27 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 |USING TE|N'S COMP|
|00001bd0| 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 20 41 | 44 44 49 54 49 4f 4e 3a |LEMENT A|DDITION:|
|00001be0| 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.. | |
|00001bf0| 38 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2b |8. | +|
|00001c00| 36 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 f7 f7 |6. | ..|
|00001c10| f7 f7 0d 20 20 c3 41 52 | 52 59 2d 3e 20 28 31 29 |... .AR|RY-> (1)|
|00001c20| 20 34 0d 0d c2 59 20 49 | 47 4e 4f 52 49 4e 47 20 | 4...Y I|GNORING |
|00001c30| 54 48 45 20 46 49 4e 41 | 4c 20 43 41 52 52 59 20 |THE FINA|L CARRY |
|00001c40| 57 45 20 41 52 52 49 56 | 45 20 41 54 20 54 48 45 |WE ARRIV|E AT THE|
|00001c50| 20 43 4f 52 52 45 43 54 | 20 41 4e 53 57 45 52 20 | CORRECT| ANSWER |
|00001c60| 4f 46 20 34 2e 0d 0d 20 | 20 20 c9 4e 20 54 48 45 |OF 4... | .N THE|
|00001c70| 20 42 49 4e 41 52 59 20 | 57 4f 52 4c 44 20 4f 46 | BINARY |WORLD OF|
|00001c80| 20 54 48 45 20 43 4f 4d | 50 55 54 45 52 2c 20 41 | THE COM|PUTER, A|
|00001c90| 44 44 49 4e 47 20 54 48 | 45 20 54 57 4f 27 53 20 |DDING TH|E TWO'S |
|00001ca0| 43 4f 4d 50 4c 45 4d 45 | 4e 54 20 4f 46 20 54 48 |COMPLEME|NT OF TH|
|00001cb0| 45 20 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 | 20 42 45 49 4e 47 20 53 |E NUMBER| BEING S|
|00001cc0| 55 42 54 52 41 43 54 45 | 44 20 28 54 48 45 20 53 |UBTRACTE|D (THE S|
|00001cd0| 55 42 54 52 41 48 45 4e | 44 29 20 54 4f 20 54 48 |UBTRAHEN|D) TO TH|
|00001ce0| 45 20 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 | 20 42 45 49 4e 47 20 53 |E NUMBER| BEING S|
|00001cf0| 55 42 54 52 41 43 54 45 | 44 20 46 52 4f 4d 20 28 |UBTRACTE|D FROM (|
|00001d00| 54 48 45 20 4d 49 4e 55 | 45 4e 44 29 20 49 53 20 |THE MINU|END) IS |
|00001d10| 54 48 45 20 42 49 4e 41 | 52 59 20 45 51 55 49 56 |THE BINA|RY EQUIV|
|00001d20| 41 4c 45 4e 54 20 4f 46 | 20 54 45 4e 27 53 20 43 |ALENT OF| TEN'S C|
|00001d30| 4f 4d 50 4c 45 4d 45 4e | 54 20 41 44 44 49 54 49 |OMPLEMEN|T ADDITI|
|00001d40| 4f 4e 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 | c6 4f 52 54 55 4e 41 54 |ON... |.ORTUNAT|
|00001d50| 45 4c 59 2c 20 54 48 45 | 52 45 20 49 53 20 41 20 |ELY, THE|RE IS A |
|00001d60| 53 49 4d 50 4c 45 20 50 | 52 4f 43 45 53 53 20 55 |SIMPLE P|ROCESS U|
|00001d70| 53 45 44 20 54 4f 20 44 | 45 52 49 56 45 20 41 20 |SED TO D|ERIVE A |
|00001d80| 54 57 4f 27 53 20 43 4f | 4d 50 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 |TWO'S CO|MPLEMENT|
|00001d90| 20 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 2e | 20 20 d3 49 4d 50 4c 59 | NUMBER.| .IMPLY|
|00001da0| 20 49 4e 56 45 52 54 20 | 41 4c 4c 20 54 48 45 20 | INVERT |ALL THE |
|00001db0| 42 49 54 53 20 49 4e 20 | 54 48 45 20 4e 55 4d 42 |BITS IN |THE NUMB|
|00001dc0| 45 52 20 41 4e 44 20 41 | 44 44 20 31 2e 20 20 d4 |ER AND A|DD 1. .|
|00001dd0| 48 45 20 46 49 52 53 54 | 20 53 54 45 50 2c 20 49 |HE FIRST| STEP, I|
|00001de0| 4e 56 45 52 54 49 4e 47 | 20 54 48 45 20 42 49 54 |NVERTING| THE BIT|
|00001df0| 53 2c 20 49 53 20 44 4f | 4e 45 20 55 53 49 4e 47 |S, IS DO|NE USING|
|00001e00| 20 54 48 45 20 c3 d0 d5 | 27 53 20 27 c5 cf d2 27 | THE ...|'S '...'|
|00001e10| 20 49 4e 53 54 52 55 43 | 54 49 4f 4e 2e 20 20 c5 | INSTRUC|TION. .|
|00001e20| cf d2 49 4e 47 20 41 20 | 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 20 57 |..ING A |NUMBER W|
|00001e30| 49 54 48 20 24 c6 c6 20 | 28 4f 52 20 32 35 29 20 |ITH $.. |(OR 25) |
|00001e40| 50 52 4f 44 55 43 45 53 | 20 54 48 45 20 27 4f 4e |PRODUCES| THE 'ON|
|00001e50| 45 27 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 | 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 27 20 |E'S COMP|LEMENT' |
|00001e60| 4f 46 20 54 48 45 20 4e | 55 4d 42 45 52 2e 20 20 |OF THE N|UMBER. |
|00001e70| d4 48 45 20 53 45 43 4f | 4e 44 20 53 54 45 50 2c |.HE SECO|ND STEP,|
|00001e80| 20 41 44 44 49 4e 47 20 | 31 2c 20 49 53 20 53 49 | ADDING |1, IS SI|
|00001e90| 4d 50 4c 59 20 41 4e 20 | 45 58 45 52 43 49 53 45 |MPLY AN |EXERCISE|
|00001ea0| 20 49 4e 20 c3 d0 d5 20 | 41 44 44 49 54 49 4f 4e | IN ... |ADDITION|
|00001eb0| 2e 0d 0d 0d 20 20 20 c8 | 45 52 45 27 53 20 41 4e |.... .|ERE'S AN|
|00001ec0| 20 45 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 | 20 4f 46 20 48 4f 57 20 | EXAMPLE| OF HOW |
|00001ed0| 54 4f 20 44 45 52 49 56 | 45 20 54 48 45 20 54 57 |TO DERIV|E THE TW|
|00001ee0| 4f 27 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 | 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 20 4f |O'S COMP|LEMENT O|
|00001ef0| 46 20 41 20 4e 55 4d 42 | 45 52 20 28 37 20 49 4e |F A NUMB|ER (7 IN|
|00001f00| 20 4f 55 52 20 45 58 41 | 4d 50 4c 45 29 3a 0d 0d | OUR EXA|MPLE):..|
|00001f10| 20 20 20 20 20 20 cc c4 | c1 20 23 24 30 37 20 20 | ..|. #$07 |
|00001f20| 20 20 20 20 20 3b cc 4f | 41 44 20 2e c1 20 57 49 | ;.O|AD .. WI|
|00001f30| 54 48 20 37 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 c5 cf d2 20 23 |TH 7. | ... #|
|00001f40| 25 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 | 31 20 3b c9 4e 56 45 52 |%1111111|1 ;.NVER|
|00001f50| 54 20 41 4c 4c 20 54 48 | 45 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |T ALL TH|E. |
|00001f60| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 3b | | ;|
|00001f70| 2e 2e 2e 42 49 54 53 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 20 c3 cc |...BITS.| ..|
|00001f80| c3 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 3b c3 4c |. | ;.L|
|00001f90| 45 41 52 20 c3 41 52 52 | 59 2c 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |EAR .ARR|Y,. |
|00001fa0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00001fb0| 3b 2e 2e 2e 54 48 45 4e | 20 41 44 44 20 31 0d 20 |;...THEN| ADD 1. |
|00001fc0| 20 20 20 20 20 c1 c4 c3 | 20 23 31 20 20 20 20 20 | ...| #1 |
|00001fd0| 20 20 20 20 3b 2e c1 20 | 48 4f 4c 44 53 20 2d 37 | ;.. |HOLDS -7|
|00001fe0| 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 20 20 20 | 20 d2 45 43 41 4c 4c 20 |..... | .ECALL |
|00001ff0| 48 4f 57 20 54 48 45 20 | c5 58 43 4c 55 53 49 56 |HOW THE |.XCLUSIV|
|00002000| 45 2d cf d2 20 4f 50 45 | 52 41 54 49 4f 4e 20 57 |E-.. OPE|RATION W|
|00002010| 4f 52 4b 53 3a 0d 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 30 20 c5 |ORKS:.. | 0 .|
|00002020| cf d2 20 30 20 3d 20 30 | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 |.. 0 = 0|. 1|
|00002030| 20 c5 cf d2 20 31 20 3d | 20 30 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | ... 1 =| 0. |
|00002040| 20 30 20 c5 cf d2 20 31 | 20 3d 20 31 0d 20 20 20 | 0 ... 1| = 1. |
|00002050| 20 20 20 31 20 c5 cf d2 | 20 30 20 3d 20 31 0d 0d | 1 ...| 0 = 1..|
|00002060| 20 20 20 cc 45 54 27 53 | 20 57 41 4c 4b 20 54 48 | .ET'S| WALK TH|
|00002070| 52 4f 55 47 48 20 54 48 | 45 20 45 58 41 4d 50 4c |ROUGH TH|E EXAMPL|
|00002080| 45 20 53 54 45 50 20 42 | 59 20 53 54 45 50 3a 0d |E STEP B|Y STEP:.|
|00002090| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 cc | c4 c1 e0 23 37 0d 0d 0d |. .|...#7...|
|000020a0| 0d 20 20 20 d4 48 45 20 | c1 43 43 55 4d 55 4c 41 |. .HE |.CCUMULA|
|000020b0| 54 4f 52 20 52 45 47 49 | 53 54 45 52 20 43 4f 4e |TOR REGI|STER CON|
|000020c0| 54 41 49 4e 53 20 37 20 | 57 48 49 43 48 20 49 53 |TAINS 7 |WHICH IS|
|000020d0| 20 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 | 31 20 49 4e 20 42 49 4e | 0000011|1 IN BIN|
|000020e0| 41 52 59 2e 0d 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 c5 cf d2 20 |ARY... | ... |
|000020f0| 23 25 31 31 31 31 31 31 | 31 31 0d 0d 20 20 20 d7 |#%111111|11.. .|
|00002100| 45 20 27 46 4c 49 50 27 | 20 54 48 45 20 42 49 54 |E 'FLIP'| THE BIT|
|00002110| 53 20 42 59 20 c5 58 43 | 4c 55 53 49 56 45 2d cf |S BY .XC|LUSIVE-.|
|00002120| d2 49 4e 47 20 57 49 54 | 48 20 54 48 45 20 56 41 |.ING WIT|H THE VA|
|00002130| 4c 55 45 20 32 35 35 2e | 20 20 d4 48 45 20 c1 43 |LUE 255.| .HE .C|
|00002140| 43 55 4d 55 4c 41 54 4f | 52 20 4e 4f 57 20 43 4f |CUMULATO|R NOW CO|
|00002150| 4e 54 41 49 4e 53 20 31 | 31 31 31 31 30 30 30 20 |NTAINS 1|1111000 |
|00002160| 49 4e 20 42 49 4e 41 52 | 59 20 4e 4f 54 41 54 49 |IN BINAR|Y NOTATI|
|00002170| 4f 4e 2c 20 32 34 38 20 | 49 4e 20 55 4e 53 49 47 |ON, 248 |IN UNSIG|
|00002180| 4e 45 44 20 44 45 43 49 | 4d 41 4c 2e 20 20 c1 53 |NED DECI|MAL. .S|
|00002190| 20 59 4f 55 20 43 41 4e | 20 53 45 45 20 54 48 45 | YOU CAN| SEE THE|
|000021a0| 20 42 49 54 53 20 48 41 | 56 45 20 27 46 4c 49 50 | BITS HA|VE 'FLIP|
|000021b0| 50 45 44 27 2e 20 20 d3 | 45 54 20 42 49 54 53 20 |PED'. .|ET BITS |
|000021c0| 57 45 52 45 20 43 4c 45 | 41 52 45 44 2e 20 20 c3 |WERE CLE|ARED. .|
|000021d0| 4c 45 41 52 20 42 49 54 | 53 20 57 45 52 45 20 53 |LEAR BIT|S WERE S|
|000021e0| 45 54 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 c3 cc c3 0d 0d |ET... | .....|
|000021f0| 20 20 20 d4 48 49 53 20 | 49 4e 53 54 52 55 43 54 | .HIS |INSTRUCT|
|00002200| 49 4f 4e 20 4a 55 53 54 | 20 43 4c 45 41 52 53 20 |ION JUST| CLEARS |
|00002210| 54 48 45 20 43 41 52 52 | 59 20 42 49 54 20 50 52 |THE CARR|Y BIT PR|
|00002220| 45 50 41 52 41 54 4f 52 | 59 20 54 4f 20 41 4e 20 |EPARATOR|Y TO AN |
|00002230| 41 44 44 49 54 49 4f 4e | 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |ADDITION|... |
|00002240| 20 c1 c4 c3 20 23 31 0d | 0d 20 20 20 c1 44 44 20 | ... #1.|. .DD |
|00002250| 4f 4e 45 2e 20 20 d4 48 | 45 20 c1 43 43 55 4d 55 |ONE. .H|E .CCUMU|
|00002260| 4c 41 54 4f 52 20 4e 4f | 57 20 43 4f 4e 54 41 49 |LATOR NO|W CONTAI|
|00002270| 4e 53 20 31 31 31 31 31 | 30 30 31 20 49 4e 20 42 |NS 11111|001 IN B|
|00002280| 49 4e 41 52 59 2c 20 32 | 34 39 20 49 4e 20 55 4e |INARY, 2|49 IN UN|
|00002290| 53 49 47 4e 45 44 20 44 | 45 43 49 4d 41 4c 2c 20 |SIGNED D|ECIMAL, |
|000022a0| 4f 52 20 2d 37 20 49 4e | 20 54 57 4f 27 53 20 43 |OR -7 IN| TWO'S C|
|000022b0| 4f 4d 50 4c 45 4d 45 4e | 54 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 c5 |OMPLEMEN|T... .|
|000022c0| 56 45 52 59 20 54 57 4f | 27 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 4c |VERY TWO|'S COMPL|
|000022d0| 45 4d 45 4e 54 20 4e 55 | 4d 42 45 52 20 43 41 4e |EMENT NU|MBER CAN|
|000022e0| 20 41 4c 53 4f 20 42 45 | 20 49 4e 54 45 52 50 52 | ALSO BE| INTERPR|
|000022f0| 45 54 45 44 20 41 53 20 | 41 4e 20 55 4e 53 49 47 |ETED AS |AN UNSIG|
|00002300| 4e 45 44 20 4e 55 4d 42 | 45 52 2c 20 49 46 20 44 |NED NUMB|ER, IF D|
|00002310| 45 53 49 52 45 44 2e 20 | 20 d5 4e 53 49 47 4e 45 |ESIRED. | .NSIGNE|
|00002320| 44 20 4d 45 41 4e 53 20 | 54 48 45 20 37 54 48 20 |D MEANS |THE 7TH |
|00002330| 42 49 54 20 49 53 20 4e | 4f 54 20 55 53 45 44 20 |BIT IS N|OT USED |
|00002340| 41 53 20 41 20 53 49 47 | 4e 20 42 49 54 2c 20 49 |AS A SIG|N BIT, I|
|00002350| 4e 53 54 45 41 44 20 42 | 45 49 4e 47 20 41 53 53 |NSTEAD B|EING ASS|
|00002360| 49 47 4e 45 44 20 41 20 | 57 45 49 47 48 54 20 4f |IGNED A |WEIGHT O|
|00002370| 46 20 31 32 38 2e 20 20 | c6 4f 52 20 45 58 41 4d |F 128. |.OR EXAM|
|00002380| 50 4c 45 2c 20 32 35 35 | 20 41 4e 44 20 2d 31 20 |PLE, 255| AND -1 |
|00002390| 43 41 4e 20 42 45 20 49 | 4e 54 45 52 50 52 45 54 |CAN BE I|NTERPRET|
|000023a0| 45 44 20 41 53 20 45 51 | 55 49 56 41 4c 45 4e 54 |ED AS EQ|UIVALENT|
|000023b0| 53 2c 20 42 4f 54 48 20 | 41 52 45 20 31 31 31 31 |S, BOTH |ARE 1111|
|000023c0| 31 31 31 31 20 49 4e 20 | 42 49 4e 41 52 59 20 4e |1111 IN |BINARY N|
|000023d0| 4f 54 41 54 49 4f 4e 3b | 20 32 35 34 20 41 4e 44 |OTATION;| 254 AND|
|000023e0| 20 2d 32 20 41 52 45 20 | 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 30 | -2 ARE |11111110|
|000023f0| 3b 20 32 35 33 20 41 4e | 44 20 2d 33 20 41 52 45 |; 253 AN|D -3 ARE|
|00002400| 20 31 31 31 31 31 31 30 | 31 3b 20 41 4e 44 20 53 | 1111110|1; AND S|
|00002410| 4f 20 4f 4e 2e 0d 0d 0d | 0d 20 20 20 cc 45 54 27 |O ON....|. .ET'|
|00002420| 53 20 54 45 53 54 20 54 | 57 4f 27 53 20 43 4f 4d |S TEST T|WO'S COM|
|00002430| 50 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 20 | 41 44 44 49 54 49 4f 4e |PLEMENT |ADDITION|
|00002440| 2e 20 20 d7 45 20 57 49 | 4c 4c 20 53 55 42 54 52 |. .E WI|LL SUBTR|
|00002450| 41 43 54 20 33 20 46 52 | 4f 4d 20 35 20 28 4f 52 |ACT 3 FR|OM 5 (OR|
|00002460| 20 41 44 44 20 2d 33 20 | 54 4f 20 35 29 3a 0d 0d | ADD -3 |TO 5):..|
|00002470| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00002480| 20 20 20 20 28 31 31 31 | 31 31 20 31 20 29 0d 20 | (111|11 1 ). |
|00002490| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 2b 35 20 | | +5 |
|000024a0| 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 | 30 31 30 31 0d 20 20 20 | 0000|0101. |
|000024b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 2d 33 20 20 20 | | -3 |
|000024c0| 20 20 31 31 31 31 31 31 | 30 31 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | 111111|01. |
|000024d0| 20 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 | c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 | .......|........|
|000024e0| c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 | c0 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |........|.. |
|000024f0| 20 d2 c5 d3 d5 cc d4 20 | 2b 32 20 28 31 29 20 30 | ...... |+2 (1) 0|
|00002500| 30 30 30 30 30 31 30 0d | 0d 20 20 20 d4 48 45 20 |0000010.|. .HE |
|00002510| 52 45 53 55 4c 54 20 2b | 32 20 49 53 20 54 48 45 |RESULT +|2 IS THE|
|00002520| 20 43 4f 52 52 45 43 54 | 20 52 45 53 55 4c 54 2e | CORRECT| RESULT.|
|00002530| 20 20 28 31 29 20 4d 45 | 41 4e 53 20 54 48 45 20 | (1) ME|ANS THE |
|00002540| 43 41 52 52 59 20 42 49 | 54 20 57 41 53 20 53 45 |CARRY BI|T WAS SE|
|00002550| 54 2e 20 20 d4 48 49 53 | 20 53 48 4f 57 53 20 54 |T. .HIS| SHOWS T|
|00002560| 48 41 54 20 54 57 4f 27 | 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 4c 45 |HAT TWO'|S COMPLE|
|00002570| 4d 45 4e 54 20 41 44 44 | 49 54 49 4f 4e 20 57 4f |MENT ADD|ITION WO|
|00002580| 52 4b 53 20 42 55 54 20 | 52 45 4d 45 4d 42 45 52 |RKS BUT |REMEMBER|
|00002590| 2c 20 4f 56 45 52 46 4c | 4f 57 20 49 4e 54 4f 20 |, OVERFL|OW INTO |
|000025a0| 54 48 45 20 43 41 52 52 | 59 20 42 49 54 20 4d 55 |THE CARR|Y BIT MU|
|000025b0| 53 54 20 42 45 20 49 47 | 4e 4f 52 45 44 20 53 49 |ST BE IG|NORED SI|
|000025c0| 4e 43 45 20 54 48 45 20 | 43 41 52 52 59 20 57 49 |NCE THE |CARRY WI|
|000025d0| 4c 4c 20 41 4c 4d 4f 53 | 54 20 41 4c 57 41 59 53 |LL ALMOS|T ALWAYS|
|000025e0| 20 42 45 20 53 45 54 20 | 49 46 20 4f 4e 45 20 4f | BE SET |IF ONE O|
|000025f0| 52 20 42 4f 54 48 20 4f | 46 20 54 48 45 20 4e 55 |R BOTH O|F THE NU|
|00002600| 4d 42 45 52 53 20 49 53 | 20 4e 45 47 41 54 49 56 |MBERS IS| NEGATIV|
|00002610| 45 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 c1 | 20 4d 41 54 48 45 4d 41 |E... .| MATHEMA|
|00002620| 54 49 43 41 4c 20 50 52 | 4f 4f 46 20 57 49 4c 4c |TICAL PR|OOF WILL|
|00002630| 20 4e 4f 54 20 42 45 20 | 47 49 56 45 4e 20 48 45 | NOT BE |GIVEN HE|
|00002640| 52 45 2c 20 42 55 54 20 | 42 59 20 55 53 49 4e 47 |RE, BUT |BY USING|
|00002650| 20 54 57 4f 27 53 20 43 | 4f 4d 50 4c 45 4d 45 4e | TWO'S C|OMPLEMEN|
|00002660| 54 20 41 44 44 49 54 49 | 4f 4e 20 49 54 20 49 53 |T ADDITI|ON IT IS|
|00002670| 20 50 4f 53 53 49 42 4c | 45 20 54 4f 20 41 44 44 | POSSIBL|E TO ADD|
|00002680| 20 4f 52 20 53 55 42 54 | 52 41 43 54 20 53 49 47 | OR SUBT|RACT SIG|
|00002690| 4e 45 44 20 4e 55 4d 42 | 45 52 53 20 41 4e 44 20 |NED NUMB|ERS AND |
|000026a0| 47 45 54 20 54 48 45 20 | 43 4f 52 52 45 43 54 20 |GET THE |CORRECT |
|000026b0| 52 45 53 55 4c 54 20 45 | 56 45 52 59 20 54 49 4d |RESULT E|VERY TIM|
|000026c0| 45 2e 20 20 d4 48 45 20 | 43 4f 4e 44 49 54 49 4f |E. .HE |CONDITIO|
|000026d0| 4e 20 4f 46 20 54 48 45 | 20 43 41 52 52 59 20 46 |N OF THE| CARRY F|
|000026e0| 4c 41 47 20 41 46 54 45 | 52 20 41 4e 20 41 52 49 |LAG AFTE|R AN ARI|
|000026f0| 54 48 4d 45 54 49 43 20 | 4f 50 45 52 41 54 49 4f |THMETIC |OPERATIO|
|00002700| 4e 20 57 49 54 48 20 54 | 57 4f 27 53 20 43 4f 4d |N WITH T|WO'S COM|
|00002710| 50 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 20 | 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 53 20 |PLEMENT |NUMBERS |
|00002720| 49 53 20 49 52 52 45 4c | 45 56 41 4e 54 2e 0d 0d |IS IRREL|EVANT...|
|00002730| 20 20 20 cf 43 43 41 53 | 49 4f 4e 41 4c 4c 59 20 | .CCAS|IONALLY |
|00002740| 49 54 20 49 53 20 44 45 | 53 49 52 41 42 4c 45 20 |IT IS DE|SIRABLE |
|00002750| 54 4f 20 57 52 49 54 45 | 20 43 4f 44 45 20 55 53 |TO WRITE| CODE US|
|00002760| 49 4e 47 20 54 57 4f 27 | 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 4c 45 |ING TWO'|S COMPLE|
|00002770| 4d 45 4e 54 20 4e 55 4d | 42 45 52 53 2e 20 20 d3 |MENT NUM|BERS. .|
|00002780| 4f 4d 45 20 41 53 53 45 | 4d 42 4c 45 52 53 20 57 |OME ASSE|MBLERS W|
|00002790| 49 4c 4c 20 41 55 54 4f | 4d 41 54 49 43 41 4c 4c |ILL AUTO|MATICALL|
|000027a0| 59 20 43 4f 4e 56 45 52 | 54 20 41 20 4e 45 47 41 |Y CONVER|T A NEGA|
|000027b0| 54 49 56 45 20 4e 55 4d | 42 45 52 20 54 4f 20 54 |TIVE NUM|BER TO T|
|000027c0| 57 4f 27 53 20 43 4f 4d | 50 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 2e |WO'S COM|PLEMENT.|
|000027d0| 20 20 c6 4f 52 20 45 58 | 41 4d 50 4c 45 3a 0d 0d | .OR EX|AMPLE:..|
|000027e0| 20 20 20 20 cc c4 c1 20 | 23 2d 31 20 3b cc 4f 41 | ... |#-1 ;.OA|
|000027f0| 44 20 2e c1 20 57 49 54 | 48 20 32 35 35 0d 0d 20 |D .. WIT|H 255.. |
|00002800| 20 20 cd c1 c5 20 57 49 | 4c 4c 20 4e 4f 54 20 41 | ... WI|LL NOT A|
|00002810| 43 43 45 50 54 20 41 20 | 4c 49 54 45 52 41 4c 20 |CCEPT A |LITERAL |
|00002820| 4e 45 47 41 54 49 56 45 | 20 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 20 |NEGATIVE| NUMBER |
|00002830| 41 53 20 41 4e 20 4f 50 | 45 52 41 4e 44 2e 20 20 |AS AN OP|ERAND. |
|00002840| d4 4f 20 47 45 54 20 54 | 48 49 53 20 45 46 46 45 |.O GET T|HIS EFFE|
|00002850| 43 54 20 57 49 54 48 20 | cd c1 c5 20 57 45 20 48 |CT WITH |... WE H|
|00002860| 41 56 45 20 54 4f 20 55 | 53 45 20 41 20 4c 49 54 |AVE TO U|SE A LIT|
|00002870| 54 4c 45 20 54 52 49 43 | 4b 3a 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 |TLE TRIC|K:.. |
|00002880| cc c4 c1 20 23 30 2d 31 | 20 3b cc 4f 41 44 20 2e |... #0-1| ;.OAD .|
|00002890| c1 20 57 49 54 48 20 32 | 35 35 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 |. WITH 2|55.. |
|000028a0| d4 48 45 20 cf 56 45 52 | 46 4c 4f 57 20 c6 4c 41 |.HE .VER|FLOW .LA|
|000028b0| 47 20 d2 45 56 49 53 49 | 54 45 44 0d 20 20 20 20 |G .EVISI|TED. |
|000028c0| f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 | f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 |........|........|
|000028d0| f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 | f7 f7 f7 0d 20 20 20 d4 |........|.... .|
|000028e0| 48 45 20 4f 56 45 52 46 | 4c 4f 57 20 46 4c 41 47 |HE OVERF|LOW FLAG|
|000028f0| 20 49 53 20 55 53 45 44 | 20 49 4e 20 43 4f 4e 4a | IS USED| IN CONJ|
|00002900| 55 4e 43 54 49 4f 4e 20 | 57 49 54 48 20 54 57 4f |UNCTION |WITH TWO|
|00002910| 27 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 4c | 45 4d 45 4e 54 20 41 44 |'S COMPL|EMENT AD|
|00002920| 44 49 54 49 4f 4e 20 54 | 4f 20 44 45 54 45 43 54 |DITION T|O DETECT|
|00002930| 20 57 48 45 4e 20 54 48 | 45 20 52 45 53 55 4c 54 | WHEN TH|E RESULT|
|00002940| 20 4f 46 20 41 20 53 49 | 47 4e 45 44 20 41 52 49 | OF A SI|GNED ARI|
|00002950| 54 48 4d 45 54 49 43 20 | 4f 50 45 52 41 54 49 4f |THMETIC |OPERATIO|
|00002960| 4e 20 48 41 53 20 4f 56 | 45 52 46 4c 4f 57 45 44 |N HAS OV|ERFLOWED|
|00002970| 20 54 48 45 20 c1 43 43 | 55 4d 55 4c 41 54 4f 52 | THE .CC|UMULATOR|
|00002980| 2c 20 52 45 53 55 4c 54 | 49 4e 47 20 49 4e 20 54 |, RESULT|ING IN T|
|00002990| 48 45 20 53 49 47 4e 20 | 42 49 54 20 42 45 49 4e |HE SIGN |BIT BEIN|
|000029a0| 47 20 43 48 41 4e 47 45 | 44 2e 20 20 c8 45 52 45 |G CHANGE|D. .ERE|
|000029b0| 20 49 53 20 41 4e 20 45 | 58 41 4d 50 4c 45 3a 0d | IS AN E|XAMPLE:.|
|000029c0| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 c1 c4 c4 20 |. | ... |
|000029d0| 31 32 37 20 30 31 31 31 | 31 31 31 31 0d 20 20 20 |127 0111|1111. |
|000029e0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 31 32 37 20 | | 127 |
|000029f0| 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |01111111|. |
|00002a00| c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 | c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 |........|........|
|00002a10| c0 c0 c0 c0 c0 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 d2 c5 |...... | ..|
|00002a20| d3 d5 cc d4 20 20 2d 32 | 20 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 |.... -2| 1111111|
|00002a30| 30 0d 0d 20 20 20 c8 45 | 52 45 20 57 45 20 48 41 |0.. .E|RE WE HA|
|00002a40| 56 45 20 41 20 4e 45 47 | 41 54 49 56 45 20 52 45 |VE A NEG|ATIVE RE|
|00002a50| 53 55 4c 54 20 46 52 4f | 4d 20 54 57 4f 20 50 4f |SULT FRO|M TWO PO|
|00002a60| 53 49 54 49 56 45 20 4f | 50 45 52 41 4e 44 53 2c |SITIVE O|PERANDS,|
|00002a70| 20 43 4c 45 41 52 4c 59 | 20 49 4e 43 4f 52 52 45 | CLEARLY| INCORRE|
|00002a80| 43 54 2e 20 20 d4 48 45 | 20 4f 56 45 52 46 4c 4f |CT. .HE| OVERFLO|
|00002a90| 57 20 46 4c 41 47 20 57 | 4f 55 4c 44 20 42 45 20 |W FLAG W|OULD BE |
|00002aa0| 53 45 54 20 49 4e 20 54 | 48 49 53 20 43 41 53 45 |SET IN T|HIS CASE|
|00002ab0| 2c 20 41 4e 44 20 54 48 | 45 20 49 4e 53 54 52 55 |, AND TH|E INSTRU|
|00002ac0| 43 54 49 4f 4e 20 c2 d6 | d3 20 28 c2 52 41 4e 43 |CTION ..|. (.RANC|
|00002ad0| 48 20 49 46 20 4f d6 45 | 52 46 4c 4f 57 20 d3 45 |H IF O.E|RFLOW .E|
|00002ae0| 54 29 20 57 4f 55 4c 44 | 20 53 55 43 43 45 45 44 |T) WOULD| SUCCEED|
|00002af0| 2e 20 20 cf 56 45 52 46 | 4c 4f 57 20 43 41 4e 20 |. .VERF|LOW CAN |
|00002b00| 4f 43 43 55 52 20 49 4e | 20 46 4f 55 52 20 53 49 |OCCUR IN| FOUR SI|
|00002b10| 54 55 41 54 49 4f 4e 53 | 3a 0d 0d 20 28 31 29 2d |TUATIONS|:.. (1)-|
|00002b20| 20 c1 44 44 49 4e 47 20 | 50 4f 53 49 54 49 56 45 | .DDING |POSITIVE|
|00002b30| 20 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 53 | 0d 20 28 32 29 2d 20 d3 | NUMBERS|. (2)- .|
|00002b40| 55 42 54 52 41 43 54 49 | 4e 47 20 41 20 4e 45 47 |UBTRACTI|NG A NEG|
|00002b50| 41 54 49 56 45 20 4e 55 | 4d 42 45 52 0d 20 20 20 |ATIVE NU|MBER. |
|00002b60| 20 20 20 46 52 4f 4d 20 | 41 20 50 4f 53 49 54 49 | FROM |A POSITI|
|00002b70| 56 45 20 4e 55 4d 42 45 | 52 0d 20 28 33 29 2d 20 |VE NUMBE|R. (3)- |
|00002b80| c1 44 44 49 4e 47 20 4e | 45 47 41 54 49 56 45 20 |.DDING N|EGATIVE |
|00002b90| 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 53 0d | 20 28 34 29 2d 20 d3 55 |NUMBERS.| (4)- .U|
|00002ba0| 42 54 52 41 43 54 49 4e | 47 20 41 20 50 4f 53 49 |BTRACTIN|G A POSI|
|00002bb0| 54 49 56 45 20 4e 55 4d | 42 45 52 0d 20 20 20 20 |TIVE NUM|BER. |
|00002bc0| 20 20 46 52 4f 4d 20 41 | 20 4e 45 47 41 54 49 56 | FROM A| NEGATIV|
|00002bd0| 45 20 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 | 0d 0d 20 20 20 cf 56 45 |E NUMBER|.. .VE|
|00002be0| 52 46 4c 4f 57 20 43 41 | 4e 4e 4f 54 20 4f 43 43 |RFLOW CA|NNOT OCC|
|00002bf0| 55 52 20 57 48 45 4e 20 | 41 44 44 49 4e 47 20 41 |UR WHEN |ADDING A|
|00002c00| 20 4e 45 47 41 54 49 56 | 45 20 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 | NEGATIV|E NUMBER|
|00002c10| 20 41 4e 44 20 41 20 50 | 4f 53 49 54 49 56 45 20 | AND A P|OSITIVE |
|00002c20| 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 2c 20 | 4f 52 20 57 48 45 4e 20 |NUMBER, |OR WHEN |
|00002c30| 53 55 42 54 52 41 43 54 | 49 4e 47 20 41 20 50 4f |SUBTRACT|ING A PO|
|00002c40| 53 49 54 49 56 45 20 4e | 55 4d 42 45 52 20 46 52 |SITIVE N|UMBER FR|
|00002c50| 4f 4d 20 41 20 50 4f 53 | 49 54 49 56 45 20 4e 55 |OM A POS|ITIVE NU|
|00002c60| 4d 42 45 52 2e 0d 0d 0d | 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 20 |MBER....|....... |
|00002c70| 20 20 c1 52 49 54 48 4d | 45 54 49 43 20 d7 49 54 | .RITHM|ETIC .IT|
|00002c80| 48 20 cc 41 52 47 45 52 | 20 ce 55 4d 42 45 52 53 |H .ARGER| .UMBERS|
|00002c90| 0d 20 20 20 f7 f7 f7 f7 | f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 |. ....|........|
|00002ca0| f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 | f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 f7 |........|........|
|00002cb0| f7 f7 0d 20 20 20 cf 4e | 45 20 42 59 54 45 20 43 |... .N|E BYTE C|
|00002cc0| 41 4e 20 4f 4e 4c 59 20 | 48 4f 4c 44 20 54 57 4f |AN ONLY |HOLD TWO|
|00002cd0| 27 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 4c | 45 4d 45 4e 54 20 56 41 |'S COMPL|EMENT VA|
|00002ce0| 4c 55 45 53 20 46 52 4f | 4d 20 2d 31 32 38 20 54 |LUES FRO|M -128 T|
|00002cf0| 4f 20 31 32 37 20 4f 52 | 20 55 4e 53 49 47 4e 45 |O 127 OR| UNSIGNE|
|00002d00| 44 20 56 41 4c 55 45 53 | 20 4f 46 20 30 20 54 4f |D VALUES| OF 0 TO|
|00002d10| 20 32 35 35 2e 20 20 c8 | 4f 57 45 56 45 52 2c 20 | 255. .|OWEVER, |
|00002d20| 4d 41 4e 59 20 54 49 4d | 45 53 20 49 54 20 42 45 |MANY TIM|ES IT BE|
|00002d30| 43 4f 4d 45 53 20 4e 45 | 43 45 53 53 41 52 59 20 |COMES NE|CESSARY |
|00002d40| 54 4f 20 55 53 45 20 4c | 41 52 47 45 52 20 4e 55 |TO USE L|ARGER NU|
|00002d50| 4d 42 45 52 53 2e 20 20 | d4 57 4f 20 42 59 54 45 |MBERS. |.WO BYTE|
|00002d60| 53 20 43 41 4e 20 48 4f | 4c 44 20 54 57 4f 27 53 |S CAN HO|LD TWO'S|
|00002d70| 20 43 4f 4d 50 4c 45 4d | 45 4e 54 20 56 41 4c 55 | COMPLEM|ENT VALU|
|00002d80| 45 53 20 46 52 4f 4d 20 | 2d 33 32 37 36 38 20 54 |ES FROM |-32768 T|
|00002d90| 4f 20 33 32 37 36 37 20 | 4f 52 20 55 4e 53 49 47 |O 32767 |OR UNSIG|
|00002da0| 4e 45 44 20 56 41 4c 55 | 45 53 20 4f 46 20 30 20 |NED VALU|ES OF 0 |
|00002db0| 54 4f 20 36 35 35 33 35 | 2e 20 20 c1 4e 59 20 4e |TO 65535|. .NY N|
|00002dc0| 55 4d 42 45 52 20 4f 46 | 20 42 59 54 45 53 20 43 |UMBER OF| BYTES C|
|00002dd0| 41 4e 20 42 45 20 55 53 | 45 44 20 54 4f 20 48 4f |AN BE US|ED TO HO|
|00002de0| 4c 44 20 45 56 45 4e 20 | 4c 41 52 47 45 52 20 4e |LD EVEN |LARGER N|
|00002df0| 55 4d 42 45 52 53 2e 20 | 20 d4 48 45 20 44 45 53 |UMBERS. | .HE DES|
|00002e00| 49 47 4e 45 52 53 20 4f | 46 20 54 48 45 20 36 35 |IGNERS O|F THE 65|
|00002e10| 31 30 20 43 48 49 50 20 | 4d 41 44 45 20 49 54 20 |10 CHIP |MADE IT |
|00002e20| 50 4f 53 53 49 42 4c 45 | 20 54 4f 20 55 53 45 20 |POSSIBLE| TO USE |
|00002e30| 4d 4f 52 45 20 54 48 41 | 4e 20 4f 4e 45 20 42 59 |MORE THA|N ONE BY|
|00002e40| 54 45 20 54 4f 20 48 4f | 4c 44 20 56 41 4c 55 45 |TE TO HO|LD VALUE|
|00002e50| 53 20 42 59 20 50 52 4f | 56 49 44 49 4e 47 20 54 |S BY PRO|VIDING T|
|00002e60| 48 45 20 43 41 52 52 59 | 20 42 49 54 2e 0d 0d 20 |HE CARRY| BIT... |
|00002e70| 20 20 c8 45 52 45 20 49 | 53 20 48 4f 57 20 54 57 | .ERE I|S HOW TW|
|00002e80| 4f 2d 42 59 54 45 20 50 | 41 49 52 53 2c 20 43 4f |O-BYTE P|AIRS, CO|
|00002e90| 4d 4d 4f 4e 4c 59 20 43 | 41 4c 4c 45 44 20 49 4e |MMONLY C|ALLED IN|
|00002ea0| 54 45 47 45 52 53 2c 20 | 57 4f 52 44 53 20 4f 52 |TEGERS, |WORDS OR|
|00002eb0| 20 41 44 44 52 45 53 53 | 45 53 20 41 52 45 20 41 | ADDRESS|ES ARE A|
|00002ec0| 44 44 45 44 20 54 4f 47 | 45 54 48 45 52 2e 20 20 |DDED TOG|ETHER. |
|00002ed0| d4 48 45 20 4c 41 42 45 | 4c 53 20 d7 31 2c 20 d7 |.HE LABE|LS .1, .|
|00002ee0| 32 2c 20 41 4e 44 20 d7 | 33 20 57 49 4c 4c 20 42 |2, AND .|3 WILL B|
|00002ef0| 45 20 55 53 45 44 20 54 | 4f 20 44 45 46 49 4e 45 |E USED T|O DEFINE|
|00002f00| 20 4d 45 4d 4f 52 59 20 | 4c 4f 43 41 54 49 4f 4e | MEMORY |LOCATION|
|00002f10| 53 20 41 54 20 57 48 49 | 43 48 20 53 54 4f 52 41 |S AT WHI|CH STORA|
|00002f20| 47 45 20 46 4f 52 20 49 | 4e 54 45 47 45 52 53 20 |GE FOR I|NTEGERS |
|00002f30| 48 41 53 20 42 45 45 4e | 20 41 4c 4c 4f 43 41 54 |HAS BEEN| ALLOCAT|
|00002f40| 45 44 2e 20 20 c1 53 20 | 53 54 41 4e 44 41 52 44 |ED. .S |STANDARD|
|00002f50| 20 57 49 54 48 20 54 48 | 45 20 36 35 31 30 20 54 | WITH TH|E 6510 T|
|00002f60| 48 45 20 4c 4f 57 20 42 | 59 54 45 20 4f 46 20 41 |HE LOW B|YTE OF A|
|00002f70| 4e 20 49 4e 54 45 47 45 | 52 20 49 53 20 53 54 4f |N INTEGE|R IS STO|
|00002f80| 52 45 44 20 46 49 52 53 | 54 20 57 49 54 48 20 54 |RED FIRS|T WITH T|
|00002f90| 48 45 20 48 49 47 48 20 | 42 59 54 45 20 53 54 4f |HE HIGH |BYTE STO|
|00002fa0| 52 45 44 20 49 4e 20 54 | 48 45 20 4e 45 58 54 20 |RED IN T|HE NEXT |
|00002fb0| 43 4f 4e 53 45 43 55 54 | 49 56 45 20 4d 45 4d 4f |CONSECUT|IVE MEMO|
|00002fc0| 52 59 20 4c 4f 43 41 54 | 49 4f 4e 2e 20 20 c6 4f |RY LOCAT|ION. .O|
|00002fd0| 52 20 45 58 41 4d 50 4c | 45 2c 20 54 48 45 20 4c |R EXAMPL|E, THE L|
|00002fe0| 4f 57 20 42 59 54 45 20 | 57 4f 55 4c 44 20 42 45 |OW BYTE |WOULD BE|
|00002ff0| 20 53 54 4f 52 45 44 20 | 41 54 20 d7 31 20 41 4e | STORED |AT .1 AN|
|00003000| 44 20 54 48 45 20 48 49 | 47 48 20 42 59 54 45 20 |D THE HI|GH BYTE |
|00003010| 41 54 20 d7 31 2b 31 2e | 0d 0d 20 20 20 d7 31 20 |AT .1+1.|.. .1 |
|00003020| 41 4e 44 20 d7 32 20 41 | 52 45 20 54 4f 20 42 45 |AND .2 A|RE TO BE|
|00003030| 20 41 44 44 45 44 20 41 | 4e 44 20 53 54 4f 52 45 | ADDED A|ND STORE|
|00003040| 44 20 41 54 20 d7 33 3a | 0d 0d 20 57 31 20 2e c4 |D AT .3:|.. W1 ..|
|00003050| d3 20 32 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 3b 32 2d 42 59 54 |. 2 | ;2-BYT|
|00003060| 45 20 53 54 4f 52 41 47 | 45 0d 20 57 32 20 2e c4 |E STORAG|E. W2 ..|
|00003070| d3 20 32 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 3b 32 2d 42 59 54 |. 2 | ;2-BYT|
|00003080| 45 20 53 54 4f 52 41 47 | 45 0d 20 57 33 20 2e c4 |E STORAG|E. W3 ..|
|00003090| d3 20 32 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 3b 32 2d 42 59 54 |. 2 | ;2-BYT|
|000030a0| 45 20 53 54 4f 52 41 47 | 45 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 |E STORAG|E.. |
|000030b0| cc c4 c1 20 57 31 20 20 | 20 20 20 3b c7 45 54 20 |... W1 | ;.ET |
|000030c0| 4c 4f 2d 42 59 54 45 31 | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 c3 cc |LO-BYTE1|. ..|
|000030d0| c3 0d 20 20 20 20 20 c1 | c4 c3 20 57 32 20 20 20 |.. .|.. W2 |
|000030e0| 20 20 3b c1 44 44 20 4c | 4f 2d 42 59 54 45 32 0d | ;.DD L|O-BYTE2.|
|000030f0| 20 20 20 20 20 d3 d4 c1 | 20 57 33 20 20 20 20 20 | ...| W3 |
|00003100| 3b d3 41 56 45 20 49 4e | 20 4c 4f 2d 42 59 54 45 |;.AVE IN| LO-BYTE|
|00003110| 33 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | cc c4 c1 20 57 31 2b 31 |3.. |... W1+1|
|00003120| 20 20 20 3b c7 45 54 20 | 48 49 2d 42 59 54 45 31 | ;.ET |HI-BYTE1|
|00003130| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 c1 c4 | c3 20 57 32 2b 31 20 20 |. ..|. W2+1 |
|00003140| 20 3b c1 44 44 20 48 49 | 2d 42 59 54 45 32 0d 20 | ;.DD HI|-BYTE2. |
|00003150| 20 20 20 20 d3 d4 c1 20 | 57 33 2b 31 20 20 20 3b | ... |W3+1 ;|
|00003160| d3 41 56 45 20 49 4e 20 | 48 49 2d 42 59 54 45 33 |.AVE IN |HI-BYTE3|
|00003170| 0d 0d 20 20 20 d7 49 54 | 48 20 41 44 44 49 54 49 |.. .IT|H ADDITI|
|00003180| 4f 4e 20 54 48 45 20 43 | 41 52 52 59 20 42 49 54 |ON THE C|ARRY BIT|
|00003190| 20 4d 55 53 54 20 42 45 | 20 43 4c 45 41 52 45 44 | MUST BE| CLEARED|
|000031a0| 20 42 45 46 4f 52 45 20 | 41 44 44 49 54 49 4f 4e | BEFORE |ADDITION|
|000031b0| 20 54 41 4b 45 53 20 50 | 4c 41 43 45 20 41 53 20 | TAKES P|LACE AS |
|000031c0| 54 48 45 20 c1 c4 c3 20 | 49 4e 53 54 52 55 43 54 |THE ... |INSTRUCT|
|000031d0| 49 4f 4e 20 41 4c 57 41 | 59 53 20 49 4e 43 4c 55 |ION ALWA|YS INCLU|
|000031e0| 44 45 53 20 54 48 45 20 | 43 41 52 52 59 20 57 48 |DES THE |CARRY WH|
|000031f0| 45 4e 20 41 44 44 49 4e | 47 2e 20 20 c1 4e 59 20 |EN ADDIN|G. .NY |
|00003200| 43 41 52 52 59 20 46 52 | 4f 4d 20 54 48 45 20 4c |CARRY FR|OM THE L|
|00003210| 4f 57 20 42 59 54 45 20 | 54 4f 20 54 48 45 20 48 |OW BYTE |TO THE H|
|00003220| 49 47 48 20 42 59 54 45 | 20 49 53 20 49 4e 43 4c |IGH BYTE| IS INCL|
|00003230| 55 44 45 44 20 41 55 54 | 4f 4d 41 54 49 43 41 4c |UDED AUT|OMATICAL|
|00003240| 4c 59 20 42 59 20 54 48 | 45 20 53 45 43 4f 4e 44 |LY BY TH|E SECOND|
|00003250| 20 c1 c4 c3 20 49 4e 53 | 54 52 55 43 54 49 4f 4e | ... INS|TRUCTION|
|00003260| 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 d4 48 | 49 53 20 53 45 51 55 45 |... .H|IS SEQUE|
|00003270| 4e 43 45 20 4f 46 20 49 | 4e 53 54 52 55 43 54 49 |NCE OF I|NSTRUCTI|
|00003280| 4f 4e 53 20 43 41 4e 20 | 48 41 4e 44 4c 45 20 42 |ONS CAN |HANDLE B|
|00003290| 4f 54 48 20 55 4e 53 49 | 47 4e 45 44 20 49 4e 54 |OTH UNSI|GNED INT|
|000032a0| 45 47 45 52 53 20 41 4e | 44 20 54 57 4f 27 53 20 |EGERS AN|D TWO'S |
|000032b0| 43 4f 4d 50 4c 45 4d 45 | 4e 54 20 49 4e 54 45 47 |COMPLEME|NT INTEG|
|000032c0| 45 52 53 2e 20 20 d4 48 | 45 20 4f 4e 4c 59 20 44 |ERS. .H|E ONLY D|
|000032d0| 49 46 46 45 52 45 4e 43 | 45 20 4c 49 45 53 20 49 |IFFERENC|E LIES I|
|000032e0| 4e 20 48 4f 57 20 4f 56 | 45 52 46 4c 4f 57 20 49 |N HOW OV|ERFLOW I|
|000032f0| 53 20 44 45 54 45 43 54 | 45 44 2e 20 20 c9 46 20 |S DETECT|ED. .F |
|00003300| 54 48 45 20 49 4e 54 45 | 47 45 52 53 20 41 52 45 |THE INTE|GERS ARE|
|00003310| 20 55 4e 53 49 47 4e 45 | 44 2c 20 4f 56 45 52 46 | UNSIGNE|D, OVERF|
|00003320| 4c 4f 57 20 49 53 20 44 | 45 54 45 43 54 45 44 20 |LOW IS D|ETECTED |
|00003330| 57 48 45 4e 20 54 48 45 | 20 43 41 52 52 59 20 42 |WHEN THE| CARRY B|
|00003340| 49 54 20 49 53 20 53 45 | 54 20 41 46 54 45 52 20 |IT IS SE|T AFTER |
|00003350| 54 48 45 20 41 44 44 49 | 54 49 4f 4e 2e 20 20 c2 |THE ADDI|TION. .|
|00003360| c3 d3 20 53 55 43 43 45 | 45 44 53 2e 20 20 d4 48 |.. SUCCE|EDS. .H|
|00003370| 45 20 4f 56 45 52 46 4c | 4f 57 20 42 49 54 20 49 |E OVERFL|OW BIT I|
|00003380| 53 20 49 47 4e 4f 52 45 | 44 2e 20 20 c9 46 20 54 |S IGNORE|D. .F T|
|00003390| 57 4f 27 53 20 43 4f 4d | 50 4c 45 4d 45 4e 54 20 |WO'S COM|PLEMENT |
|000033a0| 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 53 20 | 41 52 45 20 42 45 49 4e |NUMBERS |ARE BEIN|
|000033b0| 47 20 41 44 44 45 44 20 | 4f 56 45 52 46 4c 4f 57 |G ADDED |OVERFLOW|
|000033c0| 20 49 53 20 44 45 54 45 | 43 54 45 44 20 57 49 54 | IS DETE|CTED WIT|
|000033d0| 48 20 54 48 45 20 4f 56 | 45 52 46 4c 4f 57 20 42 |H THE OV|ERFLOW B|
|000033e0| 49 54 2e 20 20 c2 d6 d3 | 20 53 55 43 43 45 45 44 |IT. ...| SUCCEED|
|000033f0| 53 2e 20 20 d4 48 45 20 | 43 41 52 52 59 20 42 49 |S. .HE |CARRY BI|
|00003400| 54 20 49 53 20 49 47 4e | 4f 52 45 44 2e 0d 0d 20 |T IS IGN|ORED... |
|00003410| 20 20 c8 45 52 45 20 49 | 53 20 41 4e 20 49 4e 54 | .ERE I|S AN INT|
|00003420| 45 47 45 52 20 53 55 42 | 54 52 41 43 54 49 4f 4e |EGER SUB|TRACTION|
|00003430| 2e 20 20 d7 32 20 57 49 | 4c 4c 20 42 45 20 53 55 |. .2 WI|LL BE SU|
|00003440| 42 54 52 41 43 54 45 44 | 20 46 52 4f 4d 20 d7 31 |BTRACTED| FROM .1|
|00003450| 20 57 49 54 48 20 54 48 | 45 20 52 45 53 55 4c 54 | WITH TH|E RESULT|
|00003460| 20 53 54 4f 52 45 44 20 | 41 54 20 d7 33 3a 0d 0d | STORED |AT .3:..|
|00003470| 20 20 20 20 20 cc c4 c1 | 20 57 31 20 20 20 20 20 | ...| W1 |
|00003480| 3b c7 45 54 20 4c 4f 2d | 42 59 54 45 31 0d 20 20 |;.ET LO-|BYTE1. |
|00003490| 20 20 20 d3 c5 c3 0d 20 | 20 20 20 20 d3 c2 c3 20 | .... | ... |
|000034a0| 57 32 20 20 20 20 20 3b | d3 55 42 20 4c 4f 2d 42 |W2 ;|.UB LO-B|
|000034b0| 59 54 45 32 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 d3 d4 c1 20 57 33 |YTE2. | ... W3|
|000034c0| 20 20 20 20 20 3b d3 41 | 56 45 20 49 4e 20 4c 4f | ;.A|VE IN LO|
|000034d0| 2d 42 59 54 45 33 0d 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 cc c4 c1 |-BYTE3..| ...|
|000034e0| 20 57 31 2b 31 20 20 20 | 3b c7 45 54 20 48 49 2d | W1+1 |;.ET HI-|
|000034f0| 42 59 54 45 31 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 d3 c2 c3 20 57 |BYTE1. | ... W|
|00003500| 32 2b 31 20 20 20 3b d3 | 55 42 20 48 49 2d 42 59 |2+1 ;.|UB HI-BY|
|00003510| 54 45 32 0d 20 20 20 20 | 20 d3 d4 c1 20 57 33 2b |TE2. | ... W3+|
|00003520| 31 20 20 20 3b d3 41 56 | 45 20 49 4e 20 48 49 2d |1 ;.AV|E IN HI-|
|00003530| 42 59 54 45 33 0d 0d 20 | 20 20 d7 49 54 48 20 53 |BYTE3.. | .ITH S|
|00003540| 55 42 54 52 41 43 54 49 | 4f 4e 20 54 48 45 20 43 |UBTRACTI|ON THE C|
|00003550| 41 52 52 59 20 42 49 54 | 20 4d 55 53 54 20 42 45 |ARRY BIT| MUST BE|
|00003560| 20 53 45 54 20 42 45 46 | 4f 52 45 20 53 55 42 54 | SET BEF|ORE SUBT|
|00003570| 52 41 43 54 49 4e 47 2e | 20 20 cf 56 45 52 46 4c |RACTING.| .VERFL|
|00003580| 4f 57 2c 20 57 48 49 43 | 48 20 49 4e 20 54 48 49 |OW, WHIC|H IN THI|
|00003590| 53 20 43 41 53 45 20 49 | 53 20 52 45 41 4c 4c 59 |S CASE I|S REALLY|
|000035a0| 20 41 4e 20 55 4e 44 45 | 52 46 4c 4f 57 2c 20 49 | AN UNDE|RFLOW, I|
|000035b0| 53 20 44 45 54 45 43 54 | 45 44 20 41 53 20 57 49 |S DETECT|ED AS WI|
|000035c0| 54 48 20 41 44 44 49 54 | 49 4f 4e 2e 20 20 d4 48 |TH ADDIT|ION. .H|
|000035d0| 45 20 43 41 52 52 59 20 | 42 49 54 20 49 53 20 54 |E CARRY |BIT IS T|
|000035e0| 45 53 54 45 44 20 46 4f | 52 20 55 4e 53 49 47 4e |ESTED FO|R UNSIGN|
|000035f0| 45 44 20 4e 55 4d 42 45 | 52 53 20 41 4e 44 20 54 |ED NUMBE|RS AND T|
|00003600| 48 45 20 4f 56 45 52 46 | 4c 4f 57 20 42 49 54 20 |HE OVERF|LOW BIT |
|00003610| 46 4f 52 20 54 57 4f 27 | 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 4c 45 |FOR TWO'|S COMPLE|
|00003620| 4d 45 4e 54 20 4e 55 4d | 42 45 52 53 2e 0d 0d 20 |MENT NUM|BERS... |
|00003630| 20 20 c8 45 52 45 20 49 | 53 20 41 4e 20 45 58 41 | .ERE I|S AN EXA|
|00003640| 4d 50 4c 45 20 4f 46 20 | 49 4e 54 45 47 45 52 20 |MPLE OF |INTEGER |
|00003650| 4e 45 47 41 54 49 4f 4e | 20 28 49 2e 45 2e 20 53 |NEGATION| (I.E. S|
|00003660| 49 47 4e 20 52 45 56 45 | 52 53 41 4c 3a 20 50 4f |IGN REVE|RSAL: PO|
|00003670| 53 49 54 49 56 45 20 4e | 55 4d 42 45 52 53 20 42 |SITIVE N|UMBERS B|
|00003680| 45 43 4f 4d 45 20 4e 45 | 47 41 54 49 56 45 20 41 |ECOME NE|GATIVE A|
|00003690| 4e 44 20 4e 45 47 41 54 | 49 56 45 20 4e 55 4d 42 |ND NEGAT|IVE NUMB|
|000036a0| 45 52 53 20 42 45 43 4f | 4d 45 20 50 4f 53 49 54 |ERS BECO|ME POSIT|
|000036b0| 49 56 45 29 2e 20 20 d4 | 48 45 20 49 4e 54 45 47 |IVE). .|HE INTEG|
|000036c0| 45 52 53 20 4d 55 53 54 | 20 42 45 20 54 57 4f 27 |ERS MUST| BE TWO'|
|000036d0| 53 20 43 4f 4d 50 4c 45 | 4d 45 4e 54 20 4e 55 4d |S COMPLE|MENT NUM|
|000036e0| 42 45 52 53 2e 20 20 d4 | 48 45 20 4e 45 47 41 54 |BERS. .|HE NEGAT|
|000036f0| 49 4f 4e 20 49 53 20 50 | 45 52 46 4f 52 4d 45 44 |ION IS P|ERFORMED|
|00003700| 20 4f 4e 20 d7 31 3a 0d | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 cc c4 | ON .1:.|. ..|
|00003710| c1 20 57 31 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 c5 cf d2 20 23 25 |. W1. | ... #%|
|00003720| 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 c3 cc |11111111|. ..|
|00003730| c3 0d 20 20 20 20 20 c1 | c4 c3 20 23 31 0d 20 20 |.. .|.. #1. |
|00003740| 20 20 20 d3 d4 c1 20 57 | 31 0d 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 | ... W|1... |
|00003750| 20 cc c4 c1 20 57 31 2b | 31 0d 20 20 20 20 20 c5 | ... W1+|1. .|
|00003760| cf d2 20 23 25 31 31 31 | 31 31 31 31 31 0d 20 20 |.. #%111|11111. |
|00003770| 20 20 20 c1 c4 c3 20 23 | 30 0d 20 20 20 20 20 d3 | ... #|0. .|
|00003780| d4 c1 20 57 31 2b 31 0d | 0d 20 20 20 ce 4f 54 45 |.. W1+1.|. .OTE|
|00003790| 20 54 48 41 54 20 54 48 | 45 20 53 45 43 4f 4e 44 | THAT TH|E SECOND|
|000037a0| 20 41 44 44 49 54 49 4f | 4e 20 49 53 20 c1 c4 c3 | ADDITIO|N IS ...|
|000037b0| 20 23 30 20 4e 4f 54 20 | c1 c4 c3 20 23 31 2e 20 | #0 NOT |... #1. |
|000037c0| 20 d4 48 49 53 20 49 53 | 20 42 45 43 41 55 53 45 | .HIS IS| BECAUSE|
|000037d0| 20 31 20 49 53 20 41 44 | 44 45 44 20 4f 4e 43 45 | 1 IS AD|DED ONCE|
|000037e0| 20 54 4f 20 54 48 45 20 | 43 4f 4d 50 4c 45 54 45 | TO THE |COMPLETE|
|000037f0| 20 4e 55 4d 42 45 52 2c | 20 4e 4f 20 4d 41 54 54 | NUMBER,| NO MATT|
|00003800| 45 52 20 48 4f 57 20 4d | 41 4e 59 20 42 59 54 45 |ER HOW M|ANY BYTE|
|00003810| 53 20 49 54 20 49 53 20 | 43 4f 4d 50 4f 53 45 44 |S IT IS |COMPOSED|
|00003820| 20 4f 46 2e 20 20 d4 48 | 45 20 c1 c4 c3 20 23 30 | OF. .H|E ... #0|
|00003830| 20 4d 45 52 45 4c 59 20 | 41 44 44 53 20 49 4e 20 | MERELY |ADDS IN |
|00003840| 41 4e 59 20 4f 56 45 52 | 46 4c 4f 57 20 46 52 4f |ANY OVER|FLOW FRO|
|00003850| 4d 20 54 48 45 20 50 52 | 45 56 49 4f 55 53 20 41 |M THE PR|EVIOUS A|
|00003860| 44 44 49 54 49 4f 4e 20 | 56 49 41 20 54 48 45 20 |DDITION |VIA THE |
|00003870| 43 41 52 52 59 20 42 49 | 54 2e 0d 0d 20 20 20 c8 |CARRY BI|T... .|
|00003880| 45 52 45 20 49 53 20 49 | 4e 54 45 47 45 52 20 4e |ERE IS I|NTEGER N|
|00003890| 45 47 41 54 49 4f 4e 20 | 55 53 49 4e 47 20 41 20 |EGATION |USING A |
|000038a0| 44 49 46 46 45 52 45 4e | 54 20 4d 45 54 48 4f 44 |DIFFEREN|T METHOD|
|000038b0| 2d 2d 53 55 42 54 52 41 | 43 54 49 4e 47 20 46 52 |--SUBTRA|CTING FR|
|000038c0| 4f 4d 20 5a 45 52 4f 3a | 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 cc |OM ZERO:|.. .|
|000038d0| c4 c1 20 23 30 0d 20 20 | 20 20 20 d3 c5 c3 0d 20 |.. #0. | .... |
|000038e0| 20 20 20 20 d3 c2 c3 20 | 57 31 0d 20 20 20 20 20 | ... |W1. |
|000038f0| d3 d4 c1 20 57 31 0d 0d | 20 20 20 20 20 cc c4 c1 |... W1..| ...|
|00003900| 20 23 30 0d 20 20 20 20 | 20 d3 c2 c3 20 57 31 2b | #0. | ... W1+|
|00003910| 31 0d 20 20 20 20 20 d3 | d4 c1 20 57 31 2b 31 0d |1. .|.. W1+1.|
|00003920| 0d 20 20 20 d4 48 41 54 | 27 53 20 41 4c 4c 20 57 |. .HAT|'S ALL W|
|00003930| 45 20 48 41 56 45 20 52 | 4f 4f 4d 20 46 4f 52 20 |E HAVE R|OOM FOR |
|00003940| 54 48 49 53 20 4d 4f 4e | 54 48 2e 20 20 d7 45 27 |THIS MON|TH. .E'|
|00003950| 56 45 20 4e 4f 54 49 43 | 45 44 20 54 48 41 54 20 |VE NOTIC|ED THAT |
|00003960| 53 4f 4d 45 20 4f 46 20 | 59 4f 55 20 41 52 45 20 |SOME OF |YOU ARE |
|00003970| 43 48 41 46 49 4e 47 20 | 41 54 20 54 48 45 20 42 |CHAFING |AT THE B|
|00003980| 49 54 2c 20 41 4e 58 49 | 4f 55 53 20 54 4f 20 47 |IT, ANXI|OUS TO G|
|00003990| 45 54 20 4f 4e 20 54 4f | 20 4d 45 41 54 49 45 52 |ET ON TO| MEATIER|
|000039a0| 20 53 55 42 4a 45 43 54 | 53 2e 20 20 c8 41 56 45 | SUBJECT|S. .AVE|
|000039b0| 20 4e 4f 20 46 45 41 52 | 2c 20 54 48 4f 55 47 48 | NO FEAR|, THOUGH|
|000039c0| 2c 20 46 4f 52 20 57 45 | 20 57 49 4c 4c 20 53 4f |, FOR WE| WILL SO|
|000039d0| 4f 4e 20 42 45 20 57 48 | 45 52 45 20 57 45 20 57 |ON BE WH|ERE WE W|
|000039e0| 41 4e 54 20 54 4f 20 42 | 45 2e 0d 0d 20 d5 4e 54 |ANT TO B|E... .NT|
|000039f0| 49 4c 20 4e 45 58 54 20 | 4d 4f 4e 54 48 2c 20 c8 |IL NEXT |MONTH, .|
|00003a00| 41 50 50 59 20 c3 4f 4d | 50 55 54 49 4e 47 21 0d |APPY .OM|PUTING!.|
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
